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Transcript
Chapter 11 The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 1: The French Revolution Begins • French population was divided into three orders (estates): – 1st Estate: consisted of clergy – were exempt from the taille (tax) – 2nd Estate: consisted of the nobility – held positions in the government, military, courts, and higher church offices – also exempt from the taille – 3rd Estate: consisted of the commoners (peasants, craftspeople, shopkeepers, and bourgeoisie: merchants, bankers, lawyers, doctors, etc…) – were forced to pay the taille, as well as pay a fee for use of village facilities • Causes of the French Revolution: – Aristocrats and bourgeoisie were drawn to the ideas of Enlightenment – Bad harvests led to food shortages, rising prices for food, and unemployment – Government continued to spend money on costly wars and court luxuries • Estates-General – Made up of representatives from the three estates – Voting was not equal between the estates – The 3rd Estate called itself a National Assembly and decided to draft a constitution – On June20, 1789, the 3rd Estate arrived to their meeting place, only to find it locked. – They moved to a nearby tennis court and promised to meet until they produced a French constitution. This became known as the Tennis Court Oath. – King Louis XVI was prepared to use force against the 3rd Estate. – The common people stormed the Bastille (armory and prison) and dismantled it brick by brick. – Peasant rebellions took place throughout France. **end of notes** • On August 4, 1789, the National Assembly voted to abolish the rights and financial privileges of the clergy and nobles. • On August 26th they adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. – It was inspired by the American Declaration of Independence. – It proclaimed equal rights for all men, freedom of speech and ended the tax exemptions. • King Louis XVI, who remained at Versailles, refused to accept the National Assembly’s declaration. – A delegation of women met with the king on October 5th to describe the horrible conditions their children were suffering from. – The king was forced to accept the new decrees and to move back to Paris to show his support of the National Assembly. • The royal family became virtual prisoners in Paris. • Church lands were seized and sold because of the need for money. • A new constitution was created – the Constitution of 1791. It set up a limited monarchy: there would still be a king but the Legislative Assembly would make the laws. • King Louis XVI tried to flee France in June of 1791. He was captured and brought back to Paris. • The rulers of Austria and Prussia were willing to use force to restore full power to the king. – The Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria in the Spring of 1792. • Upset with the current conditions, radical political groups, declared themselves a commune and organized a mob attack on the royal palace and Legislative Assembly. – They took the king captive and took control of power from the National Assembly. **end of notes** Section2: Radical Revolution and Reaction • Under the commune’s control, the Legislative Assembly was forced to call a National Convention to seek revenge on those who had helped the king. – Thousands of people were arrested and massacred. • On September 21, 1792, the National Convention abolished the monarchy and established the French Republic. • On January 21, 1793, the king was beheaded. – This causes an uproar with the royalty of other countries. – It marks the beginning of the period known as the “Reign of Terror.” – The Reign of Terror was enacted to defend France from foreign and domestic threats. It was led by Maximilien Robespierre who was in charge of the Committee of Public Safety. • Close to 40,000 people would be killed during the Reign of Terror, including Marie Antoinette. • Revolutionary armies were established to bring rebellious cities back under control. – In Lyon, 1,880 citizens were executed. (Some were killed with the guillotine while others were killed with grapeshot.) – In Nantes, victims were executed by sinking barges into the local river. **end of notes** • Positive effects of the Revolution: – A law aimed at primary education for all was passed. – Slavery was abolished. – Price limits were placed goods considered a necessity. • Other effects of the Revolution: – The National Convention pursued a policy of dechristianization: • • • • Saint was removed from street names Churches were closed Priests were encouraged to marry New calendar was adopted – it would not be numbered based from the birth of Jesus. Months were given new names also. • Tired of his control, the National Convention eventually condemned Robespierre. He was guillotined on July 28, 1794. – The Reign of Terror came to an end. • In August of 1795, a new constitution was created that created more stability. – It established a national assembly consisting of two houses: • Lower house known as the Council of 500 – initiated legislation • Upper house known as the Council of Elders – accepted or rejected the proposed laws • From 1795 – 1799, officials in the legislation were corrupt leading people to another public outcry. – In 1799, a coup d'état occurred under the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte. **end of notes** Section 3: The Age of Napoleon • Napoleon was born in 1769. • He quickly rose in rank in the French military. – He received his education in French military schools. – He became a lieutenant in the military in 1785. – By the age of 24 he was a brigadier general. – In 1796, he was made a commander of the French armies in Italy. • When the coup d'état occurred, Napoleon was only 30. • A consulate was established as a new government. – In 1802, Napoleon was made consul for life. – In 1804, he crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I. • His most famous domestic achievement was his codification of the laws. – He condensed the 300 different legal systems into on seven codes of law. • After his grand army defeated the Austrian, Prussian, and Russian armies, he was ready to create a new European order. • Napoleon had hoped that his Grand Empire would last for centuries. However, it collapsed for two reasons: – Great Britain – Nationalism • The downfall of Napoleon began with his invasion of Russia in 1812. – The Russians retreated from the advancing French military, burning their own villages and countryside to keep his army from finding food. – They retreated under terrible winter conditions, killing most of the troops. • Napoleon was captured in March of 1814 and exiled to the island of Elba. – Monarchy was restored to France under King Louis VXIII • Napoleon escaped a year later, only to be recaptured and exiled to St. Helena. **end of notes**