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7th Grade Grammar Reference SUBJECTS, PREDICATES, AND SENTENCES Declarative Sentence: a sentence that makes a statement and ends with a period Example: Edgar Allan Poe wrote suspenseful short stories. Interrogative Sentence: a sentence that asks a question and ends with a question mark Example: Did Poe also write poetry? Imperative Sentence: a sentence that gives a command or makes a request and ends with a period Example: Read “The Pit and the Pendulum.” Exclamatory Sentence: a sentence that expresses strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point Example: What a great writer Poe was! Sentence: a group of words that has subject and a predicate and expresses a complete thought Examples: I teach middle school. I like teaching. Subject: names whom or what the sentence is about complete subject - includes all the words in the subject simple subject - is the main word or word group in the complete subject. Complete Subject Example: A large ship with many sails / appeared on the horizon. (ship is the simple subject) compound subject – two or more simple subjects joined by and, or, both…and, either…or, or neither…nor Examples: Hamburgers and pizza are served in the cafeteria. Neither hamburgers nor pizza is my favorite cafeteria food. Neither pizza nor hamburgers are my favorite cafeteria food. Predicate: tells what the subject does or has, may tell what the subject is or is like complete predicate - includes all the words of the predicate simple predicate - is always a verb and is the main word or word group in the complete predicate 1|P age Complete Predicate Example: Emily Dickinson / wrote hundreds of poems. (wrote is the simple predicate) compound predicate – two or more simple predicates joined together by or, but, both…and, either…or, or neither…nor and, Examples: Many students read and enjoy poetry. Florence reads and enjoys poetry. Simple Sentence: contains one complete subject and one complete predicate and expresses a complete thought Examples: Florence reads poems. Florence and James read poems. James reads and enjoys poems. Sentence Fragment: It is lacking either a subject or a predicate; a sentence fragment does not have a complete thought. Examples: The poems, Wrote about nature, on Monday Compound Sentence: two or more simple sentences joined together with a comma plus a coordinating conjunction, a semi-colon, or an adverbial conjunction proceeded by a semi-colon and followed by a comma Examples: The school cafeteria sometimes serves Chinese food, but it is not very good. The school cafeteria sometimes serves Chinese food; it is not very good. The school cafeteria sometimes serves Chinese food; however, it is not very good. Run-on Sentence: is really two or more sentences (a.k.a. independent clauses) that run together without proper punctuation to join them. Example: It may rain today take your umbrella. Options to fix: It may rain today. Take your umbrella. It may rain today, so take your umbrella. It may rain today; take your umbrella. NOUNS Noun (a.k.a. common noun): names any ordinary person, place, thing, or idea Examples: car, house, ground, sky, sun, moon Proper Noun: names a very specific person, place, thing, or idea and begins with a capital letter. Examples: Ford, White House, Earth, Mrs. Smith, Paul 2|P age Singular Noun: names one person, place, thing, or idea Examples: toy, friend, deer, sheep, ox, leaf, city Plural Noun: names more than one person, place, thing, or idea Examples: toys, friends, deer, sheep, oxen, leaves, cities Collective Noun: names a group of people, animals, things, or ideas that function as one entity. Examples: audience, class, choir, staff, team, bouquet, herd Concrete Noun: names a person, place, or thing that you can actually see, touch, taste, smell, or hear Examples: radio, fire, muffins, cloud, tuba, spaghetti Abstract Noun: names an idea, feeling, emotion, or quality Examples: beauty, happiness, anger, nature, love, freedom, ability, talent, velocity, thought Possessive Noun: names a person, place, thing, or idea that shows ownership Examples: Ruth’s, student’s, students’, man’s, men’s, city’s, cities’ Appositive: A noun that is placed next to another noun to identify it or add information about it. The appositive word or phrase is usually set off from the rest of the sentence by commas unless it is needed, or essential, to the meaning of the sentence. If you could remove the appositive and the meaning of the sentence is still clear, it should be set off by commas. Example: James Madison’s wife, Dolley, was a famous first lady. Madison’s friend Thomas Jefferson was president before Madison. Appositive Phrase: A group of words that includes an appositive and other words that modify, or describe, the appositive. Example: Our fourth president, Madison held many other offices. President is the appositive and our fourth modifies, or describes, president. All together, our fourth president is an appositive phrase. VERBS Action Verb: a word or words that express/show some type of action or doing Examples: scream, swim, run, wonder, look, think, observe, dream Direct Object: the noun or pronoun that receives the action from the verb Example: Paul threw the ball. 3|P age Indirect Object: precedes the direct object and tells to whom? or for whom? or to what? or for what? the action of the verb is done Example: Sarah baked me a cake. Linking Verb: connects the subject of the sentence with a noun or an adjective in the predicate (does not show action) Example: Sarah is quiet. Common Linking Verbs – True Linking Verbs The following verbs are true linking verbs. They are always linking verbs. am is are was were be being been become seem has been might have been Common Linking Verbs – Some verbs can be linking or action. HINT 1: If you can substitute any of the verbs on this second list with an equal sign [=] and the sentence still makes sense, the verb is almost always linking. HINT 2: If you can substitute am, is, or are and the sentence still sounds logical, the verb is linking. appear feel grow look prove remain smell sound taste turn Predicate Noun: The noun that follows a linking verb. It renames or identifies the subject. Example: Langston Hughes is a writer. Predicate Adjective: An adjective that follows a linking verb. It modifies, or describes, the subject. Example: Langston Hughes is talented. Helping Verb: helps the main verb express action or clarify verb tense Examples: I am learning. We are learning. I was learning. We were learning. She has learned. You have learned. He had learned. They had learned. 4|P age Common Helping Verbs am be is being are been was were have has had shall will do does did may must might can could would should Active Voice: A verb is in the active voice when the subject performs the action of the verb. Example: Rudyard Kipling wrote “Rikki-Tikki-Tavi”. Passive Voice: A verb is in the passive voice when the subject receives the action of the verb. Example: “Rikki-Tikki-Tavi” was written by Rudyard Kipling. PRONOUNS Pronoun: takes the place of one or more nouns. Example: Max likes books. He particularly enjoys science fiction novels. Personal Pronoun: refers to people or things Example: Max likes books. He particularly enjoys science fiction novels. Subject Pronoun: used as the subject of the sentence Example: Max likes books. He particularly enjoys science fiction novels. Predicate Pronoun: a subject pronoun used in place of the predicate noun after a linking verb Example: The girl in the picture is I. The boy in the picture is he. Object Pronoun: used as a direct object or an indirect object after an action verb Example: The teacher praised us. (direct object) Tell me a story. (indirect object) PERSONAL PRONOUNS Subject Pronouns Singular I you he, she, it Plural we you they 5|P age me you him, her, it Object Pronouns us you them Antecedent: the word a pronoun refers to; antecedent means “going before” Example: Cassie is the main character in Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry. She has three brothers. Possessive Pronoun: takes the place of a possessive noun Example: Lisa’s class put on a play. Her class put on a play. (used before a noun-adjective) The idea was Lisa’s. The idea was hers. (used alone) POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS Singular my your her, his, its mine yours hers, his, its Used before Nouns (Possessive Adjective) Used Alone Plural our your their ours yours theirs Indefinite Pronoun: does not refer to a particular person, place, or thing Examples: Everybody goes to the dance. Many go to the dance. Some INDEFINITE PRONOUNS another anybody anyone anything each either Always Singular everybody everyone everything much neither nobocy no one nothing one somebody someone something Always Plural both few many others several Reflexive Pronoun: ends with –self or –selves and refers to the subject of the sentence Examples: Jeremy bought himself a book on horses. (never use hisself) The teens found themselves in an awkward situation. (never use theirselves) REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS Singular Plural myself yourself himself, herself, itself ourselves yourselves themselves 6|P age Interrogative Pronoun: a pronoun used to introduce an interrogative sentence (a question) Examples: Who borrowed the book? (subject) Whom did the librarian call? (direct object) Demonstrative Pronoun: this, that, these, those; a pronoun that points out something either nearby or at a distance Examples: This is a good movie. (nearby) That is a good movie. (at a distance) These are good movies. (nearby) Those are good movies. (at a distance) ADJECTIVES Adjective: a word that modifies, or describes, a noun or a pronoun HOW ADJECTIVES MODIFY NOUNS WHAT KIND? HOW MANY? WHICH ONE? We studied ancient history. I read four chapters. That invention changed history. Predicate Adjective: follows a linking verb and modifies the subject of a sentence Example: Chefs are creative. The customers seem impressed. Proper Adjectives: adjectives formed from proper nouns Examples: Georgia peaches American history Articles: a, and, and the are a special group of adjectives Demonstrative Adjectives: this, that, these, those; points out something either nearby or at a distance and answers which one(s)? Examples: This movie is good. (nearby) That movie is good. (at a distance) These movies are good. (nearby) Those movies are good. (at a distance) 7|P age ADVERBS Adverb: a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb and tell how, when, and where WHAT ADVERBS MODIFY VERBS ADJECTIVES ADVERBS People handle old violins carefully. Very old violins are valuable. Orchestras almost always include violins. ADVERBS TELL How (in what manner) When (how often) Where (in what direction) To what extent/degree WAYS ADVERBS MODIFY EXAMPLES easily, completely, neatly, sadly, gratefully soon, now, immediately, often, never, usually, early here, there, everywhere, inside, downstairs, above, far extremely, not, quite, rather, really, terribly, too, very PREPOSITIONS, CONJUNCTIONS, AND INTERJECTIONS Preposition: a word that relates a noun or a pronoun to another word in the sentence Example: Jan drove across the bridge and through the town. COMMON PREPOSITIONS aboard about above across after against along among around as at before behind below beneath beside besides between beyond but (except) by down during except for from in inside into like near of off on onto opposite out outside over past since through throughout to toward under underneath until up upon with within without SOME PREPOSITIONS OF MORE THAN ONE WORD according to across from along with aside from because of except for in front of in place of in spite of instead of on account of on top of Prepositional Phrase: a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or a pronoun, which is called the object of the preposition 8|P age Example: Jan drove across the bridge and through the town. Object of the Preposition: the noun or pronoun at the end of a prepositional phrase Example: Jan drove across the bridge and through the town. Coordinating Conjunction: a word used to connect, or join, parts of a sentence Example: Jane and Joe are going to the park. (compound subject) Jane is going to the store and park. (compound predicate) Jane is going to the store with Joe and Sarah. (compound object) Jane is going to the store, and Joe is going to the park. (compound sentence) COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (MEMORIZE THESE) F for A and N nor B but O or Y yet S so Correlative Conjunctions: pairs of words used to connect, or join, parts of a sentence Note: When a compound subject is joined by and, the subject is usually plural. When a compound subject is joined by or or nor, the verb agrees with the nearer subject. both . . . and either . . . or neither . . . nor not . . . but also CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS with examples Both Luis and Carla are going to New York. Either Luis or Carla is going to New York. Neither Mrs. James nor the students are going to New York. Not only the students but also Mrs. James is going to New Conjunctive Adverb: an adverb used to join the simple sentences in a compound sentence (use a semicolon + adverb + comma to join the sentences) Example: The school cafeteria sometimes serves Chinese food; however, these meals are not very tasty. USING CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS replace AND replace BUT state a RESULT (cause/effect) state an EQUALITY besides however consequently equally furthermore nevertheless therefore likewise moreover still thus similarly 9|P age Interjections: a word or group of words that expresses emotion such as surprise or disbelief Examples: Good grief! My favorite restaurant has closed. Oh, well, I’ll just eat at home. Note: If the interjection shows strong emotion, use an exclamation mark. If the interjection shows mild emotion, use a comma to set it off from the rest of the sentence. SOME COMMON INTERJECTIONS aha alas gee good grief great ha hey hooray my no oh oops ouch well wow yes CLAUSES AND COMPLEX SENTENCES Simple Sentence (a.k.a. independent clause/main idea): contains one complete subject and one complete predicate and expresses a complete thought Examples: Florence reads poems. Florence and James read poems. James reads and enjoys poems. Compound Sentence: two or more simple sentences (a.k.a. independent clauses/main clauses) joined together with a comma plus a coordinating conjunction, a semi-colon, or an adverbial conjunction proceeded by a semi-colon and followed by a comma Examples: The school cafeteria sometimes serves Chinese food, but it is not very good. The school cafeteria sometimes serves Chinese food; it is not very good. The school cafeteria sometimes serves Chinese food; however, it is not very good. Phrase: a group of words that does not have a subject and predicate and cannot stand alone. Example: at the wall, by the coffee shop, will run, did talk, writing a book Clause: a group of words that do have a subject and verb but cannot stand alone; it starts with a subordinate conjunction. Example: that was on sale, where the dog went to sleep, those who are late Main/ Independent Clause: a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and expresses a complete thought; it can stand alone. Example: Because she was late, (Jan ran to the bus). (I’m never talking to him again) unless he tells me the secret. 10 | P a g e Subordinate/Dependent Clause: a group of words that has a subject and predicate but does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone; subordinate/dependent clauses add information to a sentence; subordinate clauses can be adjective clauses, adverb clauses, or noun clauses Example: Because she was late, Jan ran to the bus. Jan ran to the bus because she was late. Adjective Clause: a subordinate/dependent clause that describes a noun or pronoun Example: Willa is a new student who is taking violin lessons. SOME COMMON WORDS SIGNALING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES that which who whom whose where when Punctuation Rules: If the dependent clause is essential (important) to the sentence, do not use commas. Example: The girl who is standing beside the coach is our best swimmer. (no i.d given) If the dependent clause is not essential (important) to the sentence, use commas. Example: Janice, who is standing beside the coach, is our best swimmer. (i.d. given) Note: Adjective clauses that begin with that are essential – do not use commas. Adjective clauses that begin with which are typically not essential – use commas. Adverb Clause: a subordinate/dependent clause that describes a verb, adjective, or adverb Examples: After we won the meet, we shook hands with our opponents. We won the meet because we practiced hard. SOME COMMON SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS after because though although before till as if unless as if since until as though than when Punctuation Rules: If at the beginning of the sentence, put a comma at the end of the clause. Example: Whenever I hear that song, I think of you. If at the end of the sentence, typically no comma is needed. Example: I think of you whenever I hear that song. whenever where whereas wherever while 11 | P a g e Noun Clause: a subordinate/dependent clause used as a noun Examples: Whoever plays hockey wears protective equipment. (subject) Suzi knows that ice hockey is a rough game. (direct object) She tells whoever will listen her opinions. (indirect object) Victory goes to whoever makes more goals. (object of a preposition) This rink is where the teams play. (predicate noun) COMMON WORDS THAT INTRODUCE NOUN CLAUSES how, however if that what, whatever when where whether which, whichever who, whom whoever, whomever whose why Compound-Complex Sentence: a compound sentence (two or more independent/main clauses) that contains one or more subordinate clauses. Example: Sam and I left early for school; however, we arrived late because my flip- flop broke. Subject/Verb Agreement: the subject and the verb must agree in person and number. Example: Correct – We have never been here. Incorrect – We has never been here. Prefix – a letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning. Example: unwrap, rewrap Root: The part of a word that contains the basic meaning of the word. Example: vision, invisible (vis=see) Suffix: a letter or group of letters added to the end of a word to change its meaning. Example: fearless (less=without) 12 | P a g e CAPITALIZATION RULE RULE 1 Capitalize the first word in a sentence RULE 2 Capitalize the pronoun I RULE 3 Capitalize proper nouns and words formed from proper nouns EXAMPLE Learning is a choice. He asked if I wanted to see the movie. A. Capitalize names of particular persons and initials that stand for names of particular persons: Langston Hughes, Annie Dillard, Mildred D. Taylor B. Capitalize the names of particular places and abbreviations that stand for names of particular places: -Continents (North America) -Countries (United States, US) -States (Missouri, MO) -Cities (Imperial) -Islands (Hawai’i) -Bodies of water (Pacific Ocean) -Streets and highways (U.S. Highway 67) -Mountains (Ozark Mountains) -Parks (Mastadon State Historic Site) C. Capitalize names of particular things or abbreviations that stand for the names of particular things: -Organizations, associations, teams, and specific classes (American Red Cross, Chess Club, Algebra I, PTA for Parent-Teacher Association) -Calendar items like holidays, days of the week, and months (Labor Day, Monday, September) -Historical events and periods (The Middle Ages) -Languages, nationalities, ethnic groups, and religions (English, American, Japanese, Buddhism) -Names of businesses and brand/official names of their products (McDonald’s Quarter Pounder, Kleenex tissue, Windsor Middle School students) -Monuments, bridges, buildings, planets, and documents! 13 | P a g e D. Capitalize proper adjectives. Italian restaurant, Mexican art, Chinese food RULE 4 Capitalize titles of persons A. Capitalize titles and abbreviations for titles. President Truman; Secretary of State William H. Seward; Mr. Mendelson; Dr. Young; Daniel Young, M.D. (Doctor of Medicine) B. Capitalize family relationship words when used before a person’s name Uncle John, Aunt Cheryl, Grandpa Jim C. Capitalize family relationship words when used in place of a person’s name. Yes, Dad, I’ll help you. Do you need help, Grandma? RULE 5 Capitalize the first, last, and all the main words in the title of a book, short story, essay, movie, song, magazine, play, poem, newspaper, television show, or work of art. RULE 6 Capitalize the first word in the greeting or closing of a letter. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone “The Pit and the Pendulum” The Fault in Our Stars The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde The Starry Night “Uptown Funk” RULE 7 Capitalize historical events, documents, and specific time periods DO NOT CAPITALIZE Dear friends Yours truly, Your friend Dear Aunt Sally (but watch for proper nouns) Boston Tea Party Declaration of Independence Stone Age A. Do not capitalize seasons of the year. I like spring and fall the best. B. Do not capitalize directions unless they are part of a title or name. Turn right, then left, and continue north until you see the sign for Southeast Missouri University. C. Do not capitalize words showing family relationships if my is before the title. I will go to the store with my mom and my aunt Cheryl. 14 | P a g e PUNCTUATION Symbol Punctuation Name . Period ? Question Mark ! Exclamation Mark , Comma Use Example Use to end a declarative sentence. Tractors perform many jobs. Use to end an imperative sentence. Turn the key. Use to end an interrogative sentence. Who built the first tractor? Use to end an exclamatory sentence. How powerful your tractor is! Use after a strong interjection. Wow! Separate three or more words, phrases or clauses in a series. Cars, buses, and trucks clog the streets. Set off introductory words, phrases, or clauses. In the fall of 1998, Frank Jordan ran for mayor. Set off non-essential phrases. The Titanic, a luxury liner, sank on its first voyage. Join compound sentences with a comma before the conjunction or after a conjunctive adverb Marci called her best friend, but no one answered. Marci called her best friend; however, no one answered. Set off a subordinate clause at the start of a sentence. Whenever I feel afraid, I whistle a happy tune. Separate a date and year. Do not use a comma between month and year only. The ship sank April 15, 1912. The ship sank in April 1912. Separate the street address from city and the city from state. Set off the name of a state or country used after a city unless a zip code follows. Write to Lisa at 15 College Avenue, Columbia, MO 65201. The student is driving from Columbia, Missouri, to St. Louis. Set off an abbreviated title or degree following a person’s name. Michelle Nakamura, Ph.D., will be the graduation speaker. Set off too in the middle of the sentence when it means “also.” Do not set it off at the end of the sentence. Parents, too, will attend the ceremony. Parents will attend the ceremony too. Set off the salutation of a friendly letter. Use a comma after the closing of both a friendly letter and a business letter. Dear Dad, Your loving daughter, Sincerely, Set off an explanatory phrase from a quotation. “Spiders,” explained Sean, “have eight legs.” 15 | P a g e ; : “” Semicolon Join the main clauses of compound sentences not joined by coordinating conjunctions. Hybrid cars are growing in popularity; they are better for the environment. Join main clauses of compound sentences joined by coordinating conjunctions only if the main clauses are long and already contain commas. Before the invention of the automobile, people rode horses, bicycles, or streetcars for short distances; and they used horsedrawn carriages, trains, or boats for longer trips. Join main clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb. I started my homework immediately after school; consequently, I finished before dinner. Introduce a list that ends a sentence with a phrase such as these, the following, or as follows and a colon. I participate in the following sports: softball, tennis, basketball, and swimming. Do NOT use a colon after a verb or preposition. I sent messages to Grandma, Aunt Rita, and Julie. (correct) I sent messages to: Grandma, Aunt Rita, and Julie. (incorrect) Separate the hour and the minutes when using numerals to write the time. Students are released at 7:15 a.m. and class begins at 7:25 a.m. Set off the salutation of a business letter. Dear Professor Sanchez: Enclose a direct quotation. “Spiders have eight legs,” explained Sean. Enclose each part of an interrupted quotation. “Spiders,” explained Sean, “have eight legs.” Place periods and commas inside quotation marks. “Spiders,” explained Sean, “have eight legs.” Place a question mark or an exclamation point inside closing quotation marks if it’s part of the quotation. Yoko asked, “Have you ever visited Florida?” Place a question mark or an exclamation point outside closing quotation marks if it’s part of the entire sentence but not part of the quotation. Did Sean say, “Spiders have eight legs”? When writing dialogue, or a conversation, begin a new paragraph each time the speaker changes. Enclose titles of shorter works or a single work from a larger series such as “Jingle Bells” (song) “Daffodils” (poem) Colon Quotation Marks “You’re kidding!” I exclaimed. “That sounds unbelievable. Did she really say that? “Indeed she did,” Kara insisted. 16 | P a g e short stories, poems, magazine titles, or a television episode from a series. ... ’ – - Ellipsis Apostrophe Dash Hyphen ( ) Parenthesis ... Ellipsis Indicates an omission of words or a hesitation in speech. Armstrong said, “. . . The Eagle has landed.” Form the possessive of a singular noun with an apostrophe and s (‘s) girl + ‘s = girl’s Form the possessive of a plural noun that does not end in s with an apostrophe and s (‘s) men + ‘s = men’s Form the possessive of a plural noun that ends in s with an apostrophe alone. boys + ‘ = boys’ Form the possessive of an indefinite pronoun, such as everyone, everybody, anyone, with an apostrophe and s (‘s) anybody + ‘s = anybody’s Replace letters that are omitted in a contraction with an apostrophe. it is = it’s your are = you’re Set off a sudden break or change in thought or speech. Billy Adams—he lives next door—is our team manager. Divide a word at the end of a line between syllables. With her husband, Marie Curie discovered radium and polonium. Compound numbers. thirty-two, sixty-five Fractions expressed in words. one-half, three-fourths Some compound nouns. brother-in-law, great-aunt Compound modifiers when it comes before the word it modifies. Fido is a well-trained dog. After the prefixes all-, ex-, and self-. Separate any prefix from a word that begins with a capital letter. Set off thoughts or information that is related to the sentence but not necessary. The interrupting idea is an aside or afterthought to the sentence. Be careful not to overuse parenthesis. Using commas is far more common and appropriate for most cases. Indicates an omission of words or a hesitation in speech. all-powerful trans-Atlantic After her eggs, bacon, and coffee (her usual breakfast), she leaves for work. Armstrong said, “. . . The Eagle has landed.” 17 | P a g e Common Content Area Roots and Affixes Common Meaning Root, Prefix or Suffix -able capable or worthy of -ation forms nouns from verbs de down, from demo people Science Social Studies Mathematics invisible, predictable adaptable, acceptable, remarkable civilization, automation, speculation deploy, destruction, depression democracy, demographic diagram, dialect, dialogue divisible creation, information, determination detach, deodorize, decompose epidemic dia through, between, across dict to say predict, contradict di-, dys-, dif- not, negative disperse, disconnect equi equal equilibrium, equator exexter, extra former, completely outside of frag, fract break flux, flu flow graph, gram to write gress hyper to walk over, above interlog, logo, loc mal between word, speak -ity, -ty state of, quality of beyond, change meta bad, badly dictate, edict differ, dysfunction equinox, equitable external exit, exalt, exclude external, extract, extrasensory fracture, fragment fluctuate polygraph, graphite, electrocardiogram progress hypersensitive, hyperventilate, hyperkinetic, hypersonic intermittent logic extradite, extrinsic, extreme fraction influence, influx biography, telegram, historiography transgress, digress hyperlink, hypertext international monologue, dialogue, eulogy malaria, malfunction, malice, malady, malformation malcontent electricity, peculiarity, subtlety, cruelty, frailty, certainty loyalty, royalty metamorphosis, metacognitive, metabolism metahistorical interpretation, evaluation descend, decrease diameter, diagonal, diagram difference equation, equidistant, equilateral, equal expanded exterior fraction reflux, confluence graph, graphic hyperbole intercept logarithm similarity, technicality 18 | P a g e Common Meaning Root, Prefix or Suffix meter measure multi nonpan para pend peri poly rescrib, script sect, sec substruct -tract -vert Science Social Studies Mathematics micrometer, altimeter, perimeter, metrics, thermometer, geometry, multimeter kilometer many multimedia multitude, multipartite, multiplication multinational not nonabrasive, nonfat, nonfiction, nonprofit, noncollinear, nonferrous, nonskid, nonresident, noncoplanar, nonmetallic nonviolence nonessential all, whole pandemic, panacea, pandemonium, panoply, panorama pan-American beside paramedic, parachute paraphrase, compare parabola, parallel to hang pendulum append, depend, impend around periscope, periodontal perimeter many polymorphous polytheist, polygamy polygon, polynomial again, back remake, return rerun, rewrite rearrange, rebuild, recall to write describe, prescribe subscribe describe cut dissect section intersect under subsoil, substandard, submarine, subway, subset subhuman subtitles build structure instruct construct to pull, drag, attract, extract contract, retract protract, subtract draw to turn convert, invert divert, revert, extravert vertical, invert Reprinted from Sustaining Strategic Readers: Techniques for Supporting Content Literacy in Grades 6–12 by Valerie Ellery and Jennifer L. Rosenboom. © 2011 International Reading Association. 19 | P a g e 20 | P a g e