* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter Three
Ancient Roman architecture wikipedia , lookup
Alpine regiments of the Roman army wikipedia , lookup
Military of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Promagistrate wikipedia , lookup
Travel in Classical antiquity wikipedia , lookup
Roman Kingdom wikipedia , lookup
Elections in the Roman Republic wikipedia , lookup
Demography of the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republic wikipedia , lookup
Roman army of the late Republic wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republican governors of Gaul wikipedia , lookup
Slovakia in the Roman era wikipedia , lookup
History of the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Constitution of the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Roman emperor wikipedia , lookup
Roman historiography wikipedia , lookup
Cursus honorum wikipedia , lookup
Education in ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Roman economy wikipedia , lookup
Food and dining in the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Culture of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Constitution of the Roman Republic wikipedia , lookup
Roman agriculture wikipedia , lookup
Constitutional reforms of Sulla wikipedia , lookup
Early Roman army wikipedia , lookup
Roman technology wikipedia , lookup
History of the Constitution of the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
The Romans The Real Meaning of Patriotism Read the study questions Read the study questions Read the study questions Read the study questions Read the study questions The politics of the Romans was based on love of country - Romulus and Remus – legend - Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori – Horace - World War One Rome – a single city that grew until it became an Empire, which in turn gave birth to a Church that sought to encompass the globe itself The Greeks – theoreticians, philosophers The Romans – sober and cautious farmer warriors Left us two distinct vocabularies with which to explore political life - Greeks: policy, politics, police - Romans: civility, citizen, civilization Our ideas are inherited from the Greeks, our practices are inherited from the Romans Latin – not only the language of the Roman Empire but also the language of the Church The collapse of Rome`s political power went hand in hand with the rise of the spiritual empire of the papacy Roman legacy all over Europe Rome has been admired as both, a republic and an empire - Charlemagne crowned himself emperor of the (Holy) Roman Empire, an empire that continued to exist until the 19th century - Dante: the empire which brought peace to the world - Machiavelli - the virtues of the Roman republic - The story of Rome as the endlessly fascinating adventures of a people who thought of themselves as having a mission to civilize the world Minoque argues that the Romans had an extraordinary ability to make profound modifications to their constitution which yet left most of the scaffolding standing - 753-509: kingdom - 509-31: the republic - 31 BC – 476 AD: the empire The roman senate was the continuing institution – its powers were different from one period to another and even within the same period - 300 men (aristocracy), senators for life Rome was able to find wise or workable solutions to political conflicts through constitutional responses - e.g., the conflict between patricians (aristocracy) and plebeians (the rest) was settled by allowing the plebeians to have their own office-holders, called tribunes The heroic exploits in war - Best known of those wars is the fight against the … - Patriotism – precursor of what we call nowadays nationalism - Opportunistic rather than planned expansion - The more they expanded, the more threats to their security, the more wars they had to fight – déjà vu? The growth of slavery - The Romans were the champions of slavery, particularly after the conquest of the Mediterranean – war and piracy - Cato: it was cheaper to work slaves to death and then replace them than to treat them well - Treated very poorly – those who worked in agriculture and particularly in Southern Italy - Revolts – 73-71 BC, Spartacus - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IvTT29cavKo Polybius, a Greek historian, used the theory of recurring cycles in order to analyze the success of the Roman republic - Rome`s success was due to the fact that one can not really describe her constitution as monarchical, or aristocratic, or democratic, for it contained elements of all three The dramatic events through which the republic gave birth to the empire – too many powerful people - 82: Lucius Cornelius Sulla, the first general to seize Rome for himself - 59: the first triumvirat – Caesar, Pompey, Crassus - 49: Caesar remained the uncontested leader - 44: … - 43: the second triumvirat: Octavian, Lepidus, Marcus Antonius - 31: Octavian defeats the other two - 27: Octavian became Augustus The Age of Augustus (31 B.C. – A.D. 14) - With all his power, Octavian still had to please the senatorial aristocracy - He also understood that the republic could not be fully reinstated What Augustus ruled as an empire retained the forms of the republic for the next 200 years Compromise: - 27 B.C.: the Senate gave him the title Augustus, ‘the revered one’ - He preferred the title princeps – chief citizen or first among equals - The system of rule established by Augustus is sometimes called the principate – a constitutional monarch that corules with the senate - Practically, Augustus had all the power - appearances The New Order - A princeps and an aristocratic senate - Augustus remained a consul and, from 23 BC, a tribune (could propose/veto laws) - He kept the appearances - He controlled the army directly: 28 legions (150,000) and the auxiliary forces – the praetorian guard (elite troops, 9,000) - Imperator: when victorious, a military commander was acclaimed by its troops as imperator – emperor Rome`s fame largely rested on the moral strength evident to all who had dealings with her - Any other super-power claiming moral authority? - Bribery of officials was a capital crime - Romans could be relied on to stand by their oaths - Love of country predominated, at least during the first hundreds of years - Virtue and freedom declined together – richness - Any parallels today? The Romans were convinced that the good of the patria must take precedence over merely private concerns - Within their overarching concern for Rome itself, they were very competitive and quarrelsome Machiavelli argued that this competitiveness was a positive development - Conflict within the state, as long as it was subordinated to the public interest, merely reflected the Roman concern for liberty and for the protection of civil rights - The policy of Rome issued not from some supposedly supreme wisdom but from a freely organized competition between interests and arguments within a society Today`s Western politics: conflict is resolved by the free discussion and the acceptance of whatever outcome emerges from constitutional procedures Vocabulary - potentia: physical power - potestas: the legal right and power inhering in an office - imperium: the total quantum of power available to the roman state - auctoritas: more than advice but less than command – the senate - More in the textbook …