Download document

Nitty Gritty Science ©2014
Editable Notes:
Interactive “Notebook”
Style
(scroll down for text only)
Nitty Gritty Science ©2014
Question: How are minerals identified?
PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
mineral – naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal
structure and a definite chemical composition; must have the
following FIVE characteristics:
1. Must be formed by processes that occur in the natural world
2. Must be inorganic, meaning that it cannot come from materials
that were once part of a living thing
3. A solid – with definite shape and definite volume
4. Particles that make it up line up in a repeating pattern which
form a crystal
5. Has a definite chemical composition or range of compositions
Each mineral has certain characteristics that help identify it.
 Color – used to identify a few minerals that have their own
characteristic coloring

Streak – color of a mineral’s powder

Luster – how light is reflected from a mineral’s surface

Density – each mineral has a characteristic density (d=m/v)

Hardness – using the Mohs hardness scale, this scale ranks
ten minerals from softest to hardest

Crystal system – crystals grow atom by atom to form a
particular structure – these structures are grouped into six
different categories based on the number and angle of the
crystal faces

Cleavage – if a mineral breaks easily along flat surfaces

Fracture – when a mineral breaks apart in an irregular way
Special properties can also be used such as magnetism and ability
to glow under an ultraviolet light.
Question: What are the two ways minerals are formed?
MINERAL FORMATION & RESOURCES
geode – rounded, hollow rock that is often lined with mineral
crystals
crystallization – process by which atoms are arranged to form a
material with a crystal structure
Nitty Gritty Science ©2014
Minerals can form two ways:
1. Crystallization of magma and lava – minerals form as hot
magma cools inside the crust, or as lava hardens on the surface.
When these liquids cool to a solid state, they form crystals.
2. Crystallization of materials dissolved in water – when elements
and compounds that are dissolved in water leave a solution
(mixture in which one substance in dissolved in another),
crystallization occurs.
 Some minerals form when solutions evaporate
 pure metals that crystallize from hot water solutions
underground often form veins, or a narrow channel or slab
mineral that is different from the surrounding rock
Minerals are the source of gemstones, metals, and a variety of
materials used to make many products.
gemstone – hard, colorful mineral that has a brilliant or glassy
luster; once cut and polished it is called a gem
metals – minerals are the source of metals such as aluminum,
iron, copper or silver
ore – a rock that contains a metal or other useful mineral that
can be mined and sold at profit
To produce metal from a mineral:
1. rocks containing minerals must be located through prospecting
2. ore deposits are removed from ground through mining
3. rock is processed by smelting to produce metals
Nitty Gritty Science ©2014
Question: What are the three main groups of rocks?
CLASSIFYING ROCKS
Geologists look at the mineral composition, color and texture of a
rock, which can contain a mixture of minerals and other materials
or only a single mineral.
rock-forming minerals – 20 minerals that make up most of the
rocks of Earth’s crust
 Color – provides clues to the rock’s mineral composition
 granite – light colored rock having high silica content
 basalt – dark colored rock that is low in silica
 Texture – the look and feel of the rock’s surface which is made
up of particles of minerals or other fine rocks called grains
 Grain size
 Grain shape
 Grain pattern
Geologists classify rocks into three major rock groups based on
how they form: Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks.
Igneous – created when magma or lava cools and crystallizes
Sedimentary – rock material that forms where rocks are broken
down into smaller pieces or dissolved in water as rocks erode or the
remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together
Metamorphic – forms when existing rock is changed by heat,
pressure or chemical reactions
Forces deep inside the Earth and at the surface produce a slow
cycle that builds, destroys and changes the rocks in the crust.
rock cycle – series of processes that change one type of rock into
another type of rock
Nitty Gritty Science ©2014
Question: How do sedimentary rocks form?
ROCK GROUPS
Rocks are classified into three major groups on how they form:
IGNEOUS ROCKS
 Formation: May form on or beneath Earth’s surface.
 Extrusive rocks – igneous rocks formed from lava that
erupted onto Earth’s surface
 Intrusive rocks – rock that formed when magma hardened
beneath Earth’s surface
 Texture: Geologists determine whether an igneous rock is
extrusive or intrusive based on its texture; small, hard to see
crystals indicate extrusive, large and interlocking crystals indicate
intrusive
 Composition: can sometimes be determined by color of rock
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
sediment – small, solid pieces of material that come from rocks
or remains of living things such as shells, leaves, bones and stems;
mostly formed through a series of processes which include:
 erosion – form sediment by particles getting carried away
from their source by wind and water
 deposition – process by which sediment settles out of the
water or wind carrying it
 compaction – process that presses sediment together
growing thick layers that build up over millions of years
 cementation – process in which dissolved minerals
crystallize
and glue particles of sediment together
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Heat and pressure deep beneath Earth’s surface can change any
rock into metamorphic rock.
foliated – metamorphic rocks that have their grains arranged in
parallel layers or bands
nonfoliated – mineral grains are arranged randomly
Nitty Gritty Science ©2014
Editable Notes:
Text Only
Nitty Gritty Science ©2014
Question: How are minerals identified?
PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
mineral – naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure
and a definite chemical composition; must have the following FIVE
characteristics:
1. Must be formed by processes that occur in the natural world
2. Must be inorganic, meaning that it cannot come from materials that were
once part of a living thing
3. A solid – with definite shape and definite volume
4. Particles that make it up line up in a repeating pattern which form a
crystal
5. Has a definite chemical composition or range of compositions
Each mineral has certain characteristics that help identify it.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Color – used to identify a few minerals that have their own
characteristic coloring
Streak – color of a mineral’s powder
Luster – how light is reflected from a mineral’s surface
Density – each mineral has a characteristic density (d=m/v)
Hardness – using the Mohs hardness scale, this scale ranks ten
minerals from softest to hardest
Crystal system – crystals grow atom by atom to form a particular
structure – these structures are grouped into six different
categories based on the number and angle of the crystal faces
Cleavage – if a mineral breaks easily along flat surfaces
Fracture – when a mineral breaks apart in an irregular way
Special properties can also be used such as magnetism and ability to glow
under an ultraviolet light.
Nitty Gritty Science ©2014
Question: What are the two ways minerals are formed?
MINERAL FORMATION & RESOURCES
geode – rounded, hollow rock that is often lined with mineral crystals
crystallization – process by which atoms are arranged to form a material
with a crystal structure
Minerals can form two ways:
1. Crystallization of magma and lava – minerals form as hot magma cools
inside the crust, or as lava hardens on the surface.
When these liquids cool to a solid state, they form crystals.
2. Crystallization of materials dissolved in water – when elements and
compounds that are dissolved in water leave a solution (mixture in which
one substance in dissolved in another), crystallization occurs.
Some minerals form when solutions evaporate pure metals that crystallize
from hot water solutions underground often form veins, or a narrow
channel or slab mineral that is different from the surrounding rock
Minerals are the source of gemstones, metals, and a variety of materials
used to make many products.
gemstone – hard, colorful mineral that has a brilliant or glassy luster; once
cut and polished it is called a gem
metals – minerals are the source of metals such as aluminum, iron, copper
or silver
ore – a rock that contains a metal or other useful mineral that can be mined
and sold at profit
To produce metal from a mineral:
1. rocks containing minerals must be located through prospecting
2. ore deposits are removed from ground through mining
3. rock is processed by smelting to produce metals
Nitty Gritty Science ©2014
Question: What are the three main groups of rocks?
CLASSIFYING ROCKS
Geologists look at the mineral composition, color and texture of a rock,
which can contain a mixture of minerals and other materials or only a
single mineral.
rock-forming minerals – 20 minerals that make up most of the rocks of
Earth’s crust
Color – provides clues to the rock’s mineral composition
•
•
granite – light colored rock having high silica content
basalt – dark colored rock that is low in silica
Texture – the look and feel of the rock’s surface which is made up of
particles of minerals or other fine rocks called grains
•
•
•
Grain size
Grain shape
Grain pattern
Geologists classify rocks into three major rock groups based on how they
form: Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks.
Igneous – created when magma or lava cools and crystallizes
Sedimentary – rock material that forms where rocks are broken down into
smaller pieces or dissolved in water as rocks erode or the remains of plants
and animals are pressed and cemented together
Metamorphic – forms when existing rock is changed by heat, pressure or
chemical reactions
Forces deep inside the Earth and at the surface produce a slow cycle that
builds, destroys and changes the rocks in the crust.
rock cycle – series of processes that change one type of rock into another
type of rock
Nitty Gritty Science ©2014
Question: How do sedimentary rocks form?
ROCK GROUPS
Rocks are classified into three major groups on how they form:
IGNEOUS ROCKS
Formation: May form on or beneath Earth’s surface.
•
•
Extrusive rocks – igneous rocks formed from lava that erupted onto
Earth’s surface
Intrusive rocks – rock that formed when magma hardened beneath
Earth’s surface
Texture: Geologists determine whether an igneous rock is extrusive or
intrusive based on its texture; small, hard to see crystals indicate extrusive,
large and interlocking crystals indicate intrusive
Composition: can sometimes be determined by color of rock
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
sediment – small, solid pieces of material that come from rocks or remains
of living things such as shells, leaves, bones and stems; mostly formed
through a series of processes which include:
•
•
•
•
erosion – form sediment by particles getting carried away from
their source by wind and water
deposition – process by which sediment settles out of the water or
wind carrying it
compaction – process that presses sediment together growing thick
layers that build up over millions of years
cementation – process in which dissolved minerals crystallize and
glue particles of sediment together
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Heat and pressure deep beneath Earth’s surface can change any rock into
metamorphic rock.
foliated – metamorphic rocks that have their grains arranged in parallel
layers or bands
nonfoliated – mineral grains are arranged randomly
Nitty Gritty Science ©2014
These notes pair perfectly with my
Earth Science Interactive Notebook: Plate Tectonics
Want MORE Science Interactive Notebooks?? Check out these
best-sellers from Nitty Gritty Science:
Nitty Gritty Science ©2014
Copyright Information
© 2015 Nitty Gritty Science, LLC. All rights reserved by the
author Erica L Colón.
My terms for use for all products available are as follows:
Purchase of this unit entitles the purchaser the right to
reproduce the pages in limited quantities for classroom
use only. Duplication for an entire school, an entire school
system, or commercial purposes is strictly forbidden
without written permission from the author: Erica Colón:
[email protected] or by purchasing multiple licenses.
Copying any part of this product and placing it on the internet in any form (even a
personal/classroom website) is strictly forbidden and is a violation of the Digital
Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). You may post pictures from using this product in
your classroom as long as you provide a link back to my store.
For more Nitty Gritty Science check out my blog:
[email protected]
or swing by my page on Facebook:
www.Facebook.com/NittyGrittyScience
Special Thanks:
Cover Graphics: Design by Nedti, www.nedti.etsy.com
Cover font title: KG Fonts (Kimberly Geswein Fonts)
Nitty Gritty Science ©2014