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Chapter Sixteen Cancer Cancer Cell regulation problem causing abnormal cell growth • Most cancers take the form of tumors: a mass of tissues that serve no physiological purpose • Benign: cells similar to surrounding normal cells and are enclosed in a membrane that prevents them from penetrating neighboring tissues • Malignant: capable of invading surrounding structures, producing invasive tumors or uncontrolled growth How Cancer Spreads: Metastasis • Metastasis is the spreading of cancer cells which occurs due to the lack of cellular cohesiveness • They break away and pass through the lining of lymph or blood vessels to invade nearby tissues • These new tumors are called secondary tumors or metastases Types of Cancer • Carcinomas – Arise from epithelia, tissues that cover external body surfaces (organs, skin, nerves, membranes) • Sarcomas – bone, blood, connective tissue • Lymphomas – immune tissues/system • Leukemia - blood and blood forming tissues (bone marrow) The Incidence of Cancer • Each year, 1.4 million people in the United States are diagnosed with cancer • Cancer death rates have dropped more than 10% since 1990 • The American Cancer Society believes that thousands of cases of colon, breast, and uterine cancer could be prevented by lifestyle changes Lung Cancer • Risk Factors – Smoking – Environmental pollutants • Prevention – Remove smoke element • Treatment – – – – Surgery Radiation Chemotherapy Medications Full recovery remains unlikely in all but a small percentages of cases Colon and Rectal Cancer • Considered the second leading cause of cancer deaths (could arise from pre-existing polyps) • Risk Factors • Age • Heredity • Lifestyle factors • Detection and Treatment • • • • Removal of polyps Yearly stool blood test Sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy Surgery Breast Cancer • Most common cancer in Women • Risk factors – Early menstrual cycle for women – Women with no children or having children later in life – Hormone replacement therapy use • Prevention – – – – – – • Diet Mammography Activity levels Pregnancy and breastfeeding decisions Occupational hazards New medications Treatment – Lumpectomy – Drug therapy – Chemotherapy/radiation treatments Prostate Cancer • Most common cancer in Men • Risk factors – Age, dietary fat intake, genetic link • Prevention – Dietary intake of Vitamin E and selenium, drug therapy • Early Detection – PSA screenings, ultrasound rectal exam • Treatment – Surgery, radiation, implantation of radioactive seeds Cervical Cancer • Risk factors – HPV infection – Smoking and socioeconomic factors • Prevention – Sexual abstinence – Pap tests – Careful selection of sexual partners • Treatment – Surgery (minor or major) – Radiation/chemotherapy Uterine Cancer • Risk Factors – Early menarche, late menopause, lack of ovulation, never having given birth, ERT, use of tamoxifen, and also in diabetics, obese, and hypertensive women • Prevention – Minimize high levels of estrogen and regular physician care • Treatment – Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone treatment Ovarian Cancer • Prevention – Similar to what is recommended for breast cancer – Prophylactic oophorectomy • Early Detection – Referred as the “silent cancer” • Annual pelvic exams • Genetic screenings • Treatment – Surgery – Chemotherapy – Drug therapy Skin Cancer • Considered the most common cancer of all • Risk factors – Severe sunburn during childhood, chronic sun exposure during young adulthood (UV) • Prevention – Reduce exposure to sun’s rays, use sunscreens, • Early Detection – Recognition and early diagnosis • Treatment – Surgery, chemotherapy, interleukin-2 Skin Cancer • Risk factors – Severe sunburn during childhood, chronic sun exposure during young adulthood • Prevention – Reduce exposure to sun’s rays, use sunscreens, • Early Detection – American Cancer Society guidelines (next slide) • Treatment – Surgery, chemotherapy, interleukin-2 Testicular Cancer • Risk factors – Family history, environmental factors • Prevention – Self exams • Early Detection – Observations and self exams • Treatment – Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation Other Cancers • • • • Pancreatic Cancer Stomach Cancer Bladder Cancer Kidney Cancer • • • • Brain Cancer Leukemia Lymphoma Multiple Myeloma The Causes of Cancer • The Role of DNA • Role of inheritance of certain genes • DNA mutations such as oncogenes • Cancer promoters • Dietary Factors • • • • Dietary Fat and Meat Alcohol Fiber intake Fruits and Vegetables • Inactivity and Obesity • Microbes • Carcinogens in the Environment • Ingested chemicals • Industrial pollution • Radiation Detecting Cancer (Figure 16-5) Identify the 7 warning signs of cancer Change in bowel/bladder habits A sore that does not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening of tissues (schlerotic change) Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Obvious change in a wart/mole Nagging cough Diagnosing Cancer • Detection begins with a physical exam • Exploratory surgery or a biopsy may be performed to identify a cancer’s stage or the following: • MRI • CT • Ultrasonography have been used to view tumors and is considered completely safe Treating Cancer • • • • Surgery Chemotherapy Radiation New Experimental Techniques such as: • • • • • • Gene therapy Bone marrow and stem cell transplants Biological Therapies Protease inhibitors Anti-angiogenesis drugs Telomerase inhibitors Preventive Cancer • • • • • • Avoiding Tobacco Controlling Diet and Weight Regular Exercise Protecting Skin from the Sun Avoiding Environmental and Occupational Carcinogens Having regular screening exams Chapter Sixteen Cancer