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The Renaissance The Rebirth of Classical Knowledge and Art in Europe Chapter 1 1-22 What is Renaissance? Renaissance literally means ‘rebirth’. It was a period in history that saw a renewed interest in Europe’s classical Roman past. Began in northern Italy in the lat 14th (early 1300’s) century, and ended in England in the early 17th (late 1600’s) century. Famous individuals such as Donatello, Leonardo, Michelangelo (not the Ninja Turtles) lived during this time and greatly influenced society and challenged the church. Renaissance began in Italy because they had contact with Asia and Africa, new about Ancient civilizations in Greece and Rome, and world trade made Italy very wealthy. This period is known as the Middle Ages. Chapter 1 – Times of Change During the Middle Ages, European society was organized in a system called feudalism. (A hierarchy were people are ranked according to their importance) People were born into their level of feudal society and stayed their fir their entire lives. Feudalism was based on land, loyalty, and duty. Nobles or Knights, swore oaths of allegiance to the King. They fought for him in exchange for land (manors – manorial system) Bishops (Priests) received their land from the Crown, which resulted in the Church becoming a large land owner. The Church was very powerful during these times. Medieval Country Life Most people during the middle ages were peasants, who lived in rural villages. Peasants farmed the land, then turned over a portion of their production to the Lord of the Manor. They also built roads, cleared forests, and all other work they were ordered, in exchange for some of the product they produced. Peasants were illiterate and uneducated, but some were freemen, who rented the land. Most peasants were serfs, who couldn’t leave the land without permission. (Commoners) Peasants – Knights – Barons - KING Medieval Town Life Most towns were farm communities, close to a castle or monastery. Stones walls were built around the town, with the Castle or monastery in the middle. This was for protection from rival Lords. Towns were dirty and rat infested, but had shops and stores which offered freedom and new opportunities. Medieval Town Life People had the freedom to marry and make money, skilled peasants could make merchandise for wealthy merchants. Production of goods and trade in the towns was organized by guilds. Guilds controlled the prices of goods, set standards of quality, and decided who could work as a trainee, or apprentice. Young children (8-10) could learn a trade and become a journeyman, then be admitted to the guild. Eventually they would become masters, then open their own business. Role of Women Rural women usually had many children and shared the work in the fields with the men. Women also wove cloth, made clothes, cooked meals, and preserved food for the winter. Sometimes women married guild members and worked along side their husbands. The women could inherit guild property when their husbands died, and become masters. Women of wealthy merchants were educated, and had great opportunities. Noble women had few rights and choices. Marriages were arranged for family economic gain. Feudal system Beginning in 1337, war broke out between England and France. Lasted more than a century, known as the 100yr war. Endless fighting devastated the countryside. Peasants in both countries revolted because of the high rent and taxes they had to pay to Nobles in order to finance the war. ROBIN HOOD – Steal from the rich, to give to the poor. The story of Robin Hood is a folklore tale about and English Noble that revolted against the treatment of peasants. He would steal money and goods from the wealthy Crown, and give it back to the starving peasants. PEASANTS’ REVOLT French nobles referred to peasants as “Jacques Bonhomme”, or simply “Jacques” Revolt in France became known as La Jacquerie! The revolts in England and France were brutal. Many Nobles were killed, their manors burned, but the peasants suffered dramatically. Both sides lost!! ROBIN HOOD – Prince of Thieves Movie Study Complete the movie study questions and assignment. Be specific and relate all the questions to the movie, and how the feudal system is depicted in the movie. Have Fun THE BLACK DEATH 1346 - 1350 Black Death Began in the Gobi Desert (between China and Mongolia) in the late 1320’s. Some speculation, that in the 14th century, the Earth’s temperature began to cool so the disease spread very quickly. Millions of Europeans died which resulted in several labour shortages on the manors and many feudal estates went bankrupt. All of this resulted in a wealthier middle class. Black Death History China lost 35 million people to the Black Death in the 14th century. The plague moved along caravan routes (Silk Road) toward the west. By 1345, the plague had hit the Volga river in Russia, then out the Black Sea. By 1347 the plague was in Turkey and Greece, then on to Egypt. By January of 1348 the plague had hit Germany, France, and Norway, which were 3 of the largest cities in relation to import and exports. The plague followed the trade routes through all of Europe and Asia. By 1352, the plague was over, but not until one third to one half of Europe’s population had died. Silk Road What is the Black Death? The Black Death In 1347 a Genoese ship from Caffa, on the Black Sea, came ashore at Messina, Sicily. The crew of the ship, what few were left alive, carried with them a deadly cargo, a disease so virulent that it could kill in a matter of hours. It is thought that the disease originated in the Far East, and was spread along major trade routes to Caffa, where Genoa had an established trading post. When it became clear that ships from the East carried the plague, Messina closed its port. The ships were forced to seek safe harbour elsewhere around the Mediterranean, and the disease was able to spread quickly. During the Medieval period the plague went by several names, the most common being "the Pestilence" and "The Great Mortality ". Theories about the cause of the disease were numerous, ranging from a punishment from God to planetary alignment to evil stares. Not surprisingly, many people believed that the horrors of the Black Death signaled the Apocalypse, or end of time. Others believed that the disease was a plot by Jews to poison all of the Christian world, and many Jews were killed by panicked mobs. Causes of the Black Death? 3 types of plague: First two are transmitted through flea bites. Septicemic Plague – transmitted through flea bites. Fleas and rats were host to the disease. Oriental rats carrying the bacteria were bitten by fleas, and the bacteria multiplied inside the fleas. When the fleas died they transmitted the disease to the humans they were infecting. Bubonic Plague – Most common with 30% to 75% of the people dying after contracting it. Characteristics were enlarged lymph glands, which resulted in swelling of the neck, arm pits, and groin area. The glands would burst, then death. The entire course of the disease took 3-4 days. Pneumonic Plague – Effected the lungs, and had the same symptoms as the flu. Mortality rate was 90% - 95%. 2nd most common. The Effects of the Plague The plague affected the Medieval church and society Caused people to question the church because it was unable to stop the plague People felt betrayed by the church when the clergy abandoned them for fear of catching the plague People became more self-indulgent and wanted to enjoy life so they abandoned the idea that one must suffer to gain eternal salvation People questioned the structure of their society, which didn’t allow for personal advancement A Religious Society in Trouble! The results of the Black Plague caused society to question religion. Why would their worship result in death? Society thought God had sent the Black Plague as punishment. Religion was a central part of daily life with Worldviews being shaped by Christian Church. Life during medieval times was hard so the hope of a better afterlife was very important. People believed the church could help them reach heaven after they died. A Religious Society in Trouble! The Church Community Society in the Middle Ages was a hierarchy – levels. Every group in the church was to be obedient to the group above them, people below had to pay a tithe (portion of crops or earnings) to the ones above. This process gave society a sense of community!! Black Plague caused society to for go church worship and believe in the power of themselves!! PSALTER MAP The Holy Land Jerusalem Area around modern day Israel and Palestinian territories where Christ Lived, takes up a third of Asia. Jesus preached here, is the dot at the center. Heaven At the top. Changing Attitudes in Religion The Black Death made many people question their faith. Prayers and visits to the Holy land had not worked – people everywhere kept dying! God had abandoned them!!! A dying society saw the Church do very well financially, this made society very sour towards religion. A New Age was beginning, the emergence of busy towns and a merchant class meant society was less rigid and organized. A period of great creativity in the arts and sciences was about to begin. In 1855, the French historian Jules Michelet coined the term “Renaissance” to describe the re-birth of society. Chapter 2 23-38 Chpt 2 Expansion of Trade The Renaissance Begins Renaissance means “rebirth” and was the rebirth of art and learning in Europe between 1300 and 1600 A.D. It began in Northern Italy and then spread north Northern Italy had: Thriving cities A wealthy merchant class The classical heritage of Rome and Greece The Crusades and Trade Trade between Venice and other Italian cities and the East actually began several centuries before the Marco Polo journeys. Trade happened as a result of a series of religious wars between Christian and Muslim forces. Better known as the Crusades!! The land of Palestine, which contained religious sites sacred to Jews, Christians, and Muslims, was under Christian control for many centuries. Middle of the seventh century, this area was taken over by the Turks, who became Muslims. 1095, Pope Urban II began a Christian crusade to drive out the Muslims, and many knights and citizens set out to do battle. Both sides looked on fighting in a holy war as a way of guaranteeing themselves a place in heaven. In 1187, Sultan Saladin recaptured Jerusalem, which brought an end to the crusades. Muslims regained their lands!! Pg. 40-41 The Crusades and Trade Two important results of the Crusades: Contact with Muslim civilization Trade of goods. During the time of the crusades, the Muslim world was more advanced than Europe. Because of the travels and contacts, Europeans were exposed to new ideas about medicine, astronomy, philosophy, math, and ancient literature. Muslim society also believed in teaching Christian and Jewish philosophy, thus advancing their learning. Trade began to expand, more products became available to the entire world and art, literature, philosophy, creative thought exploded with new ideas. The Italian City-States: the birthplace of the Renaissance The Crusades Effects on the Italian City-States The Crusades spurred trade which brought people and wealth to northern Italy and led to the development of these large towns These city-states were the ideal pace to exchange new ideas The Plague’s Effects on the Italian City-States The Plague reduced populations and shrank opportunities for business expansion in the city-states, which led wealthy merchants to spend their money on patronizing the arts The Italian City-States Milan, Florence, and Genoa The city-states were separate republics which collected their own taxes and raised their own armies, called hinterland. Many citizens were highly involved in politics Wealthy merchants were the most powerful citizens, despite rank Individual achievement was more important than rank or title The Success of City-States Geographic features contributed greatly to the economic success of Florence. Why did the large cities of Alberta develop where they did? Dozens of city states grew up across the northern half of Italy , right place right time. All became the wealthiest cities in Europe.. Aspects of their geography, climate, leadership, and social organization help to account for their success. The Success of City-States Geography: Italy was the closest to the port cities of Northern Africa and the eastern Mediterranean sea. Spices and luxury goods were available for trade. Transporting these goods was easier and cheaper for traders in Italian cities compared to other countries. Climate: Italy has a mild climate compared to cities north of the Alps, thus trade and travel was not interrupted by weather. Long growing season produced crops like olives and grapes, which were important for wine and cooking. The Success of City-States Leadership: In Northern Italy was a collection of independent states which had their own government, armies, and controlled their own affairs. Venice, Milan, Florence, and Genoa were the most prominent. Social Organization: Feudalism was not as strong in Italy as the rest of Europe. In Italy, many nobles lived in urban society and became involved in business and trade. Competition for Trade City of Venice was founded in Roman times on a group of islands in a protected harbour. This site was easily defended from invasion. Venice became a great trading center as a result of dealings with the east. At one point, Venetian merchants had thousands of ships travelling the Mediterranean sea and along the Atlantic coast to Northern Europe. The result was Venice becoming the largest ship building center in Europe. This created thousands of jobs and brought wealthy people to Venice. Genoa, the other maritime power in Italy, also controlled a share of trade and had ports in the Black sea. Genoa controlled the trade with the Spanish ports of Barcelona and Valencia. Commerce in the City States The POLO family were very wealthy merchants that made money by purchasing goods in one place and selling them for a higher price in another. Because of the Black Death, the economy was devastated. There was high unemployment among the ciompi (wool carders) who did not belong to guilds. The ciompi wanted to form their own guild but were denied by others, thus leading to the first strike. The ciompi briefly took over the government of Florence, but were eventually defeated by the powerful guilds. Commerce in the City States Florentine bankers established banking practices across Europe. Florence’s economy became so powerful that the golden florin became the most powerful currency during the Renaissance. Usury, practice of charging interest when loaning money, became very popular through the church and rest of Europe. This was outlawed in the Church originally, but then became common practice as a way to make a lot of money!! Italian values became very popular throughout Europe. Business Practice Business Practice Purpose Partnership and Joint Stock Company Used to raise capital (money) for larger projects. Less financial risk to the individual. Banks Provided money lending services as well as issuing Bills of Exchange. Bills of Exchange Worked like modern chequing account. Merchant would deposit gold and receive a Bill of Exchange. Could then turn that in for gold at other banks. Insurance Paid a small fee to insure goods during travel. If goods were damaged or lost, insurance companies pays replacement cost. If goods arrive safely, insurance company keeps the fee. (Called Usury) The Medici Family in Florence The Medici’s were an extremely wealthy merchant family in Florence, Italy. Made their fortune as wool and silk merchants and bankers. They built alliances with other wealthy families, acquired positions in the church, and married into royal families. 1434, Cosimo de Medici controlled the governing council of the city by giving them loans, he then declared himself head of the government and exiled his enemies. The Medici’s kept total control of Florence while maintaining the appearance of a republican government. Though from the outside Florence looked like a republic, the Medici’s used their money to buy off the governing council. Made many enemies! The Medici Family in Florence Most famous Medici was Cosimo’s grandson, Lorenzo the Magnificent. He was a patron of literature and art who sponsored Michelangelo, Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, and other great thinkers of their time. Because of their position in society, many Medici’s died violent deaths, some engineered by their own families. Medici Violent Deaths 1478 1503 1526 1535 1537 1547 1576 Lorenzo de Medici Giuliano stabbed to death Piro the Unfortunate drowned in a shipwreck Giovanni delle Barde Nere shot and killed attacking the state of Mantua Ippolito poisoned by order of his cousin Alessandro assassinated by his cousin Lorenzino Lorenzino assassinated by his cousin Cosimo 1 Isabella, daughter of Cosimo, strangled in bed by her husband. The Humanist Approach Chapter 3 39-75 The Renaissance looks back to Greece and Rome Renaissance thinkers and artists looked to Greece and Rome for their inspiration Scholars studied ancient Latin manuscripts (from Rome) which had been preserved in monasteries Scholars studied ancient Greek manuscripts which had been preserved in Byzantine libraries until the Byzantine Empire fell to the Ottoman Turks Renaissance Values Humanism Enjoyment of Worldly Goods (Secularism) Focus on human potential and achievements Scholars studied ancient Greek values and encouraged the study of “humanities” like history, literature, and philosophy People became more secular and were concerned with enjoying life Patronizing the Arts Wealthy merchants, monarchs, and the church financially supported the arts during this time (meaning they paid to have artists create things for them) The Renaissance Man and Woman The “Renaissance Man” was described by Castiglione as the “universal man” in The Courtier Should be charming, witty, and well-educated in the classics, be able to dance, sing, play music, and write poetry Should be a skilled rider, wrestler, and swordsman Should have self-control and excel in many fields The “Renaissance Woman” Should know the classics and be charming, but she is not expected to gain fame Expected to inspire art and literature, but not expected to create it Please read the article on page 59 David by Michelangelo A Rebirth of Ideas Have you ever changed your mind on a major issue? What caused you to change your mind or opinion on this topic? What influenced you? Books, TV, the internet or a friend? This is what happened during the Renaissance – except across a continent What is one major issue that we are faced with in today’s society – how can this issue be addressed? Humanist Humanist: a person who adopts a system of thought that centres on humans and their values, capacities and worth Read pages 60-62 and make a list of the ways that classical ideas influenced the humanists. A Time of Classical Writings The Greek and Roman civilizations had not been forgotten during the middle ages. Latin was the language of the Romans and remained the language of the scholars and Church. Aristotle and Plato (ancient writers) were studied from a Christian perspective, but society started to look at things in a different way. Renaissance worldview was a result of intercultural contact with earlier civilizations! Humanist ideas spread mainly among the wealthy in society. A Time of Classical Writings HUMANISM Borrowing from the Greek and Romans On Mind and Body You should pray for a sound mind in a sound body Juvenal On History To be ignorant of the Lives of the most Celebrated men of Antiquity (great age) Is to continue in a State of childhood all Our days. On Education The educated differ from the uneducated As much as the living From the dead. Aristotle Plutarch Philosopher: one who studies the truth and principles underlying human conduct and knowledge and the nature of the universe Humanism and the Individual Renaissance thinkers could shape their lives through their own efforts and talents. Humanists believed that: Human beings can use the power of reason, thinking to find truth for themselves. It is important to have an open and curious mind. People can achieve great things through learning. You should be skilled in many areas. Develop your mind, body, and spirit. Consider how humanist thinkers would have spread their ideas. Humanism and the Individual Humanist Scholars Francesco Petrarch was an early thinker of the renaissance. He believed the Classical past was far superior to the medieval world, or dark age. Humanists believed their time to be glorious and ideas were reborn. Greek and Roman manuscripts had been preserved in libraries in the Muslim world and in Monestary and cathedral libraries. Humanists wanted to make all ideas available to the widest possible readership. Humanists thought that in order to be truly cultured, a person should read good books and look at great works of art!! Key Terms Civic relating to citizenship or civic affairs Rhetoric the art of making speeches Scholar a learned person; one who studies a particular branch of learning like the humanities Civic Humanism Many of the renaissance humanist were interested in good government Civic humanists believed being a responsible citizen meant educating yourself about history and politics and working to improve society Is this different to today's thoughts? Humanist Education Many humanists were teachers who ran their own schools They educated the “whole child”, body, mind, and spirit. They encouraged curious questioning in their students Many wealthy people and rulers hired humanists to tutor their children Grammar, rhetoric (public speaking) logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, theology, scripture, medicine. Humanism and Religion Religion continued to play an important role during the Renaissance. Desiderius Erasmus, born in 1466 in Rotterdam, Netherlands, was an outstanding Humanist of his time. He said famously; “When I get a little money, I buy books; and if any is left I buy food and clothes.” Humanism and Religion Renaissance thinkers valued individual achievement, importance of history and the arts Carl Becker, a history professor from Cornell University, is an influential historian of the 20th century. He is quoted as saying, “History is to society what memory is to the individual.” Consider whether you agree with this idea or not. Activity Write a list of five actions that you feel should be mandatory for individuals to be considered responsible citizens in each of the following situations: in our school in our community in our province in Canada as global citizens SOCIETY AND THE ARTS What do the arts tell about a society? What style of art do you like the most and why? Do you think that any art that exists today was influenced by the Renaissance? If so how? Key terms Petroglyphs: art that is carved into a rock Pictographs: drawings or paintings on a rock wall Façade: the front of a building Vernacular: the language commonly spoken by the people who live in that region PAINTINGS Read the opening paragraph on page 70 Middle Age Art Had religious themes Renaissance Art Originally influenced by religion Later influenced by Humanists this began to influence how they viewed their surroundings and nature. Compare and contrast the art on the following pages and complete the Skill Power chart on page 72 Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci The Annunciation of Saint Emidius by Carlo Crivelli Water Spirit by Norval Morrisseau Architecture Similar to painters architects during the Renaissance raised the status of their profession from skilled labourers to artists Architects from all over the world travel to Rome to study the Pantheon, Colosseum, and other classical buildings. Filippo Brunelleschi famous architect The Pantheon The Coliseum Sculptures During the Middle Ages sculptors were craftspeople who helped build cathedrals With the Renaissance they were now artists Michelangelo and others became celebrities Read Michelangelo’s Pieta on page 74 Bill Reid Sculptures Literature During the early Renaissance writers focused on translating the works of Roman and Greek writers Humanism caused people to begin to express their own thoughts and emotions in their writings Read pages 75 and 76 Medieval Art compared to Renaissance Art Medieval art used religious subjects and artists tried to convey a spiritual ideal, not necessarily realism Renaissance art portrayed religious subjects but they used a realistic style Perspective: rediscovered technique used by Renaissance artists which gives the appearance of three dimensions in paintings which made art more realistic Renaissance artists copied Greek and Roman models and Greek and Roman subjects were popular Wealthy citizens were also the subjects of artists Highlighted the importance of the individual Italian Renaissance Artists Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist Engineered inventions like the flying machine Studied how the muscles worked in order to sculpt and paint more realistic humans Painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper Facial expressions of his subjects revealed their character Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Michelangelo was a painter, sculptor, architect, and poet Famous for his realistic portrayal of the human body Ceiling of the Sistene Chapel which was painted while he was upside down Statue of David (a biblical figure) Michelangelo Renaissance Writers Writers wrote for self-expression or in order to portray the individuality of their subjects Petrarch and Humanism Petrarch is one of the earliest humanists (known as the father of Humanism) and he wrote in both Latin and Italian (vernacular) Latin was used for letters to friends Italian was used for sonnets (14 line poems) which he wrote about Laura, his ideal woman THE EXCHANGE OF IDEAS Chapter 4 76-105 Galileo Galilei Machiavelli and The Prince This is a political guide which discusses the imperfect conduct of human beings Describes how rulers can gain and maintain power despite their enemies Notes that people are selfish, fickle, and corrupt Rulers must be strong and shrewd and trick people if they need to for the good of the state “The ends justify the means”, meaning that he cares about what’s politically effective, not what is morally right The Prince Upon this a question arises: whether it is better to be loved than feared or feared than loved? It may be answered that one should wish to be both, but, because it is difficult to unite them in one person, it is much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two, either must be dispensed with. Because this is to be asserted in general of men, that they are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, covetous, and as long as you successed they are yours entirely; they will offer you their blood, property, life, and children, as is said above, when the need is far distant; but when it approaches they turn against you. And that prince who, relying entirely on their promises, has neglected other precautions, is ruined; because friendships that are obtained by payments, and not by nobility or greatness of mind, may indeed be earned, but they are not secured, and in time of need cannot be relied upon; and men have less scruple in offending one who is beloved than one who is feared, for love is preserved by the link of obligation which, owing to the baseness of men, is broken at every opportunity for their advantage; but fear preserved you by a dread of punishment which never fails. Nevertheless a prince ought to inspire fear in such a way that, if he does not win love, he avoids hatred; because he can endure very well being feared whilst he is not hated, which will always be as long as he abstains from the property of his citizens and subjects and from their women. The Prince Princes who set little store by their word but have known how to over-reach men by their cunning have accomplished great things, and in the end got the better of those who trusted to honest dealing. The prince must be a lion, but he must also know how to play the fox. He who wishes to deceive will never fail to find willing dupes. The prince, in short, ought not to quit good courses if he can help it, but should know how to follow evil courses if he must. The Northern Renaissance The Renaissance travels North The interest in classical culture, curiosity about the world and belief in human potential is the Renaissance Spirit Northern European scholars visiting Italy were impressed with this spirit and took their ideas home with them Merchants carried the Renaissance ideas through trade In 1494 a French king invaded italy which drove many Italian Renaissance artists and writers north These artists and writers took their ideas, styles, and techniques north Northern Europe is Ready by 1450 The population was recovering from the plague The Hundred Years’ War was ending Cities were beginning to grow rapidly Urban merchants became wealthy enough to sponsor artists and writers Flanders, rich from trade and the cloth industry, became the first northern city to foster the Renaissance Northern Monarchs Encouraged the Renaissance The monarchs and the nobles were largely responsible for introducing the Renaissance to Northern Europe Monarchs sponsored artists to create paintings, design buildings, etc. Northern Humanism compared to Southern Humanism Northerners were more interested in religious ideas than in secular ideas (which were popular in Italy) The ideals of human dignity inspired some humanists to develop plans for social reform based on Christian values This is often called Christian Humanism Christian Humanists in the North Erasmus Wrote The Praise of Folly which poked fun at greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priests Thomas More Wrote Utopia, which means “no place” about an imaginary land inhabited by peace-loving people with no greed, corruption, war, and crime (an ideal, perfect place) Northern Renaissance Artists German Realist Artists Albrech Dürer studied in Italy and then brought Renaissance ideas to Germany Hans Holbein was inspired by Dürer and painted portraits which were so lifelike they were almost photographic Flemish Artists Jan Van Eyck used oil paints because they could be blended more easily and layered to create subtle realistic shades Peter Bruegel used scenes from everyday life and included realistic details and showed the character of individual people The Northern Arts One of my personal favorites Jan Vermeer Flemish Merchants Like their Italian counterparts, Flemish merchants were wealthy and attracted to the Renaissance emphasis on individualism and worldly pleasures They were patrons of the arts and made Flanders an artistic center of Northern Europe The English Renaissance AKA The Elizabethan Age The English Renaissance is sometimes called the Elizabethan Age, named after Queen Elizabeth I who ruled from 1558- 1603 She was well-educated and patronized artists and writers William Shakespeare Sometimes considered the greatest playwright of all time His plays frankly examined human flaws He drew on the Greek and Roman classics for inspirations (ex. Julius Caesar) Movable Type Movable type was invented around 1045 in China and was borrowed by the Europeans Separate blocks were used for each letter which would be arranged as needed, inked, and then used to print the same words multiple times The Printing Press The first printing press was invented by Johann Gutenberg in Mainz, Germany It used the idea of movable type in the printing press The machine presses paper against a tray full of inked movable type and allowed for the production of multiple copies of the written word The Gutenberg Bible of 1455 was the first full-size book printed with movable type The printing press spread learning More people read because books were much cheaper to produce and buy Printers began to print about topics other that religion More writers used vernacular (common language) since commoners could buy their books The Vernacular Bible Changes Religion The Bible was being printed in the common language so more common people could read and interpret it on their own People became more critical of priests and their behavior which eventually led to demands for reforms The printing press and the vernacular Bible paved the way for The Reformation The Effects of the Renaissance of Ideas and Politics The Renaissance emphasized the ideals of the dignity of man and the importance of the individual These ideas played a key role in the gradual rise of democratic ideas in Europe All men are important and equal All men have certain rights THE AGE OF EXPLORATION Chapter 5 95-106 Christopher Columbus arriving in America. 1492 Just the Luck!! Suddenly one of the girls pointed out towards the ocean. The girls could hardly believe their eyes. Three large strange boats with huge sails were headed toward the shore. They could hear the shouts of the people on the boats in the distance. The girls ran back towards their village to tell everyone what they had seen. By the time they returned to the beach with a crowd of curious villagers, the people from the boats had already landed. They had white skin, fury faces, and were wearing odd clothing. They spoke a language the Taino had never heard before. But they smiled at the Taino and seemed friendly. The men from the ships, Christopher Columbus and his crew, had been sailing the Atlantic Ocean for tow long months. Columbus’ plan was to travel west from Europe to Asia. He had no idea that there were two large continents and the vast pacific Ocean between him and his goal. This voyage lead by Columbus would dramatically change the lives of Europeans and the Indigenous peoples of North and South America. The Desire to Explore To celebrate the 500th anniversary of Columbus’s voyage, the Spanish government built full size replicas of his 3 ships, the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria. The ships were sailed to North America and toured many cities so people could experience them. Everyone was surprised how small the ships were, one ship was equal to 5 vans parked end to end. This was a very dangerous quest, but the voyages were well supported by the Monarch. Why? Trade was the main motivation. People demanded luxury goods and economies began to expand. The economic worldview of the time encourage growth and expansion. Columbus based his thinking about the distance to Asia on the writings of Marco Polo and the ancient scholar Ptolemy. Marco polo had over-estimated the eastwest size of Asia, and Ptolemy had underestimated the circumference of the earth. This resulted in Columbus being off by more than 16,000 kms. Expensive Trade lines Arab merchants bought spices in India and the spice Islands of the Far East. These spices were transported to eastern Mediterranean trading centers like Constantinople and Alexandria. From here they were sold to Italian merchants who brought the spices to Venice and across Europe! Because of the immense travel, Europe had the highest prices of goods. The further the goods travel, the more expensive they become. The Means to Explore Navigation refers to the science of determining the course, position, and distance travelled by a ship. It comes from the Latin words navis (ship) and agere (to drive) Prince Henry of Portugal (Prince Henry the Navigator) He became a patron of Portuguese explorers. He sponsored many voyages off the coast of Africa and established a centre of Sagres where cartographers, mathematicians, astronomers, sailors, and navigators from all over Europe gathered to share knowledge. They essentially designed a more efficient means to explore. Latitude was established, distance which is north or south of the equator. The Means to Explore Compass Used for finding direction a ship is travelling. Astrolable Used the North Star or sun to calculate latitude. The Means to Explore Cross-staff Used to measure the altitude of the Pole star above the horizon to determine latitude. Back-staff Used to measure the altitude of the sun to determine latitude. European Expansion Expansionism refers to the actions and attitudes of a state or country whose goal is to increase it’s power and territory. During the age of exploration, Renaissance Europeans sent out explorers on voyages to achieve their expansionist goals. 4 major exploration trips: Bartholomeu Dias (Portugal 1488) Christopher Columbus (Spain 1492) Travelled to the Caribbean areas. Giovanni Caboto (England 1947) Travelled to the distant tips of Africa and back. Travelled to the tips of North America. Jacques Cartier (France 1534) Travelled to the tips of North America. Going East Portugal was the 1st country to become involved in organized exploration. Prince Henry sent expeditions south along the west coast of Africa in order to find GOLD! Every year the expeditions went farther and lasted longer until eventually there were dozens of ships carrying gold between Africa and Portugal each year. Portugal also became involved in the slave trade with Africa. The slaves were used in sugar plantations on islands in the Atlantic ocean, eventually transporting them to the Americas as slaves. Prince Henry also encouraged members of his groups to work as interpreters, which increased the knowledge of indigenous people. Going East Bartholomeu Dias led the 1st Portuguese expedition around the cape of Good Hope. His crew mutinied and stopped the voyage to India. Vasco da Gama later led a Portuguese expedition across the Indian Ocean and was successful. The Battle of Diu After Vasco da Gama’s voyage, Portuguese fleets began making yearly trips to India. Arab merchants finally battled the Portuguese off the Indian port of Diu. The Portuguese had cannons, so they won. Portuguese set up trading colonies along this route and became the most powerful trading country in Europe. Going West Christopher Columbus was not bothered by the Portuguese expansion. He was convinced there was a shorter route across the Atlantic Ocean. He sailed west for 33 days and eventually sighted land (Caribbean Islands) He was convinced until his death that he had found Asia, not the tip of North America. He was WRONG!! O BRAVE NEW WORLD Chapter 6 107-117 European Imperialism The Treaty of Tordesillas At the beginning of the age of exploration, Portugal and Spain were always searching for trade routes to Asia, they were competing. Rulers of Spain and Portugal could not agree on who owned what, so they asked the Pope to settle the agreement. 1494, the Pop came up with the Treaty of Tordesillas. Spain had all the land west of the imaginary line running North/South through the Atlantic. Portugal had all the land east of the same line. France and England obviously ignored this line and King Henry went in search of his own riches. What gave anyone the right to think they owned land. Imperialism is the extension of power over a territory and its resources and people. Imperialism The imperialist attitude the Europeans had was partly due to their attitude towards Indigenous people they encountered. Europeans saw themselves as more powerful, educated, and civilized so they forced their ways on the Indigenous people. Sound familiar!! The territories in Central and South America claimed by Columbus and other Spanish Explorers became known as New Spain. Spanish people were granted land to settle and mine for precious metals and set up plantations. Indigenous people were enslaved to work for the Spanish. Imperialist Attitudes Columbus describing the Taino people he met when he landed: As I saw that they were friendly to us… I presented them with some red caps, and a string of beads to wear upon their neck, and many other trifles of small value, wherewith they were very much delighted, and became wonderfully attached to us… It appears to me, that the people are ingenious and would be good servants and I am of the opinion that they would very readily become Christians, as they appear to have no religion. They very quickly learn such words as are spoken to them. Imperialist Treasure The conquest of Aztec and Incan empires in New Spain resulted in great wealth for Spain. Mines in Peru, Bolivia and other areas shipped tonnes of gold, silver, and emeralds across the ocean to Spain. For a time, Spain was by far the richest country in Europe. The English often fought the Spanish for their treasures, and Pirates started to rule the oceans. ARRRRR! Cost of Imperialism In the early 1940’s, the Incas and Aztecs had thriving civilizations in Central and South America. After a few years of imperialism, the Spanish destroyed this. Everywhere the Europeans explored and settled in the America’s the Indigenous people paid a terrible price. By 1600 less than one-tenth of the original population remained. Approximately 90 million Indigenous died during this time Causes were smallpox, bubonic plague, yellow fever, cholera, malaria, all brought by Europeans. (Indigenous had no immunity) Many Indigenous societies were completely wiped out, including the Beothuk Indians of Newfoundland!! European Worldview and Identity How did we get here! - Evolution of the European Society Medieval Times (Feudalism) Rise of International Trade Humanism Age of Exploration Brave New World Mapping Changing Worldviews During the age of exploration, Europeans learned a few things: No sea monsters in the ocean People everywhere looked similar to themselves World was very different from what they imagined Found a sea route to Asia around Africa and came to realize that two huge continents existed between Europe and Asia. Because of this, the Portuguese set up trading colonies around the Indian Ocean. The Spanish conquered the peoples of the Americas and became the wealthiest country in Europe. Thus England, France, and the Netherlands saw that through Imperialism they too could also become very wealthy. The wealth race was on!! Imperialism The imperialism that began during the Renaissance affected the world for centuries to come. Because of the atrocities being committed, there became a glowing awareness that the people of a country ought to have the right to determine how they organize themselves politically and pursue their social, economic, and cultural development. It was not until WWII that this point was expressed as international law. The signing of the United Nations Charter in 1945 states: All peoples have the right of self-determination. By virtue of that right, they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social, and cultural development. Since 1945, a process of decolonization has occurred. (Africa, Southeast Asia, Caribbean, all gained independence) Expansionism and Imperialism Europeans saw themselves as superior to the peoples of the Americas. From their perspective, they needed the resources of the Americas to support the European economy and to fuel the establishment of colonies. This attitude led them to disregard the rights of Indigenous and First Nations peoples to their traditional lands. European expansion also contributed to the trade of African slaves. This process was carried out mainly by English merchant traders. They bought or captured African slaves and took them to the Americas. Work was to be done!! Citizens of the World The Renaissance and Age of Exploration were the first steps on the road to the global village we live in today. The invention of the printing press allowed knowledge and ideas to be exchanged across the whole of Europe. Humanism, with its curiosity, optimism, and belief in the individual, encouraged people to look beyond the world they knew. By the end of the Renaissance, Europeans had travelled to most of the continents. Wherever the Europeans arrived, they imposed their religion, ideas, values, and economic system – their worldview. The Renaissance had an enormous impact on the way we live today.