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Renaissance Chapter 17 Section 1 Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance 1300-1600 Main Idea: Revolution – The Italian Renaissance was a rebirth of learning that produced many great works of art and literature. Why it matters now: Renaissance art and literature still influence modern thought and modern art. Renaissance = Rebirth (in art and learning) What 3 advantages fostered the Renaissance in Italy? 1. Cities and City-States –Italy = urban areas & large towns –Rest of Europe = rural –Bubonic plague led to decreased population and increased wages & art 2. Merchants & Medici – Merchants made money due to trade; – They dominated politics – Unlike royalty, they valued individual achievement – Medici family- one of the most powerful families of the Renaissance • Patrons of the arts, bankers, rulers 3. Greek and Roman Influence • Ruins of Rome inspired art and architecture • Western scholars studied Latin (Roman) manuscripts (writings) • Christian scholars studied Greek manuscripts that were rescued from Constantinople A New Attitude • Reading classical works led to changes in thinking • Humanism – an intellectual movement focusing on human potential and achievement – instead of suffering and piety • Led to the study of history, literature, philosophy (aka Humanities) Worldly Pleasures • News flash: you can enjoy life without offending God! • This idea allowed wealthy people to spend money on things for themselves without feeling guilty. • People are more secular – focused on things in this world instead of their spirits and what happens after death. Patrons of the Arts • Patrons support artists • Patrons were wealthy families, merchants and church leaders • Supporting artists and buying art showed your power, influence and money Patrons of the Arts • Patronage is the support, encouragement, privilege and often financial aid given by a person or an organization. The Renaissance Man • The idea was that all educated people should or be expected to create art. • Ideal man masters every area of study • Men should: be charming, witty, well educated, dance, sing, play music, write poetry, ride horses, & play sports. The Renaissance Woman • Expected to know the classics & be charming • Should inspire art, not create it • More educated than medieval women Isabella d’Este 1474-1539 “First Lady of the Italian Renaissance.” Great patroness of the arts. Known during her time as “First Lady of the World!” Changes in Art 1. Realism & Expression Expulsion from the Garden Masaccio 1427 First nudes since classical times. 2. Perspective The Trinity Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Masaccio 1427 Perspective! First use of linear perspective! What you are, I once was; what I am, you will become. 3. Classicism Greco-Roman influence. Secularism. Humanism. Individualism free standing figures. Symmetry/Balance The “Classical Pose” Medici “Venus” (1c) 4. Empasis on Individualism Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre: The Duke & Dutchess of Urbino Piero della Francesca, 1465-1466. More on Art… • Anyone with money wanted to be a patron of the arts, including the pope. • The new focus on individualism inspires people to commission paintings of themselves. • Popes and other church officials show their influence by commissioning art that glorifies the church. Leonardo da Vinci: “Renaissance Man” • known for Mona Lisa and The Last Supper (showed personalities of the disciples) • well-rounded painter, architect, engineer, sculptor, scientist The Last Supper Mona Lisa The Sistine Chapel Michelangelo Buonarroti 1508 - 1512 The Sistine Chapel Details The Last Judgment Sculpture • The human figure is beautiful and is depicted in life-like form. • Celebrate the animal, natural beauty of man! • Michelangelo, Donatello, Cellini, Bernini, da Vinci The Liberation of Sculpture David by Donatello 1430 First free-form bronze since Roman times! David Verrocchio 1473 - 1475 David Michelangelo Buonarotti 1504 Marble 15c What a difference a century makes! 16c Renaissance Writing • Vernacular- writing in one’s own language, before this time people wrote in Latin even if they spoke another language day to day. • Writing became a form of self expression or portray individuality. – Ex: Francesco Petrarch & his sonnets about Laura. Some called Father of Renaissance humanism. – Boccaccio and his famous writing-Decameron: writing about individuals and the human condition, showing both tragic and comic views of life. The Prince: Machiavelli • How to gain power and keep it • Not concerned with morals, only what is politically effective • Must appear trustworthy and avoid suspicion but be ready to mislead people if necessary