Download PSYCHOLOGY AS SCIENCE of BEHAVIOR

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ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
Introduction
• Organizational Behavior : OB is a field of study that
investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and
structure have on behavior within organizations, for
the purpose of applying such knowledge toward
improving an organization's effectiveness.
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• Define Organization : A social unit or group of people
working together to meet common goals.
• Psychology touches almost every aspect of our lives.
As society has become more complex, Psychology has
assumed an increasingly important role in solving
human problems.
• Knowledge of Psychology is helpful even to people
who do not plan to pursue it as a career.
• Studying psychology provides insight into why people
behave as they do. It also helps us better understand
our own thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and attitudes,
and hopefully, it can strengthen our appreciation of
and tolerance for the wide differences that exist
among people.
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PSYCHOLOGY
PSYCHOLOGY AS SCIENCE OF SOUL
• The term soul did not at first have religious implications such as
it has today. For some it was an inner flame, for some a form of
motion and for others a function of bodily processes.
• Soul has no existence. It cannot be seen and heard. It has no
weight and volume. It is a metaphysical concept.
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• It makes psychology more of a religion than of Science because
it is theological concept and implies certain theories of religion
and relationships to God.
• Psychologists considers minds as a combination of
sum total of mental processes and it stands for
personal internal experiences of man.
• There are three kinds of mental activities :
• Cognitive : knowing (like thinking, reasoning and
imagining)
• Conative : Doing (like walking, swimming and
dancing)
• Affective : Feeling (like feeling happy, sad and angry)
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PSYCHOLOGY AS SCIENCE OF MIND
• There are three states of consciousness.
• Consciousness : Awareness of processes that are going inside
or outside our bodies. The conscious mind can contain only a
limited amount of thought; perceptions, and memories at any
given time.
• Subconscious : Some thoughts and memory exist on the edge
of awareness, which can be pulled back into consciousness
fairly earlier.
• Unconscious : Certain ideas, feelings and memories are
repressed or banished to unconscious because they are too
painful, or disturbing to deal with at conscious level.
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PSYCHOLOGY AS SCIENCE OF
CONSCIOUSNESS
• By behavior we mean those acts of organism that can be
observed recorded and studied.
• Behavior is always the starting point in any psychological study
and psychologists can further study motivation personality and
emotion.
• Behavior is what a person does. More precisely, it is defined as
the observable and measurable activity of human beings. This is
known as overt (obvious) behavior.
• Activities that qualify under this category show great variation:
these may be in the form of mental process like decision making
or in the form of physical process like handling a machine. There
is another aspect of behavior which is non-observable or
measureable known as covert (secret) behavior like feelings,
attitude formation – etc.
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PSYCHOLOGY AS SCIENCE of BEHAVIOR
PROCESS OF BEHAVIOR
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• Stimulus – Any energy change which excites a
receptor, employed loosely of any object- or event
which has such an effect, if a stimulus is normal
stimulus for a receptor it is described adequate, if it is
not and yet effective, it is described inadequate.
• Response – The activity, muscular, of an organism
with reference to a situation with which it is faced, or
as a result of stimulation.
• S.R. Model of human behavior suggests that the behavior is
caused by certain reasons. The reasons may be internal feeling
(motivation) and external environment (stimulus).
• A stimulus is an agent, such as heat, light, piece of information,
etc. that directly influences the activity of an organism (person).
• Without the stimulus, there is no information to be handled by
the internal processes prior to action taken by the person.
• It implies that his behavior is determined by the situation.
Inherent in the situation are the environmental forces that
shape and determine his behavior at any given moment. The
entire situation has been traditionally described as stimulus
response' process.
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S.R. MODEL
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• INDEPENDENT VARIABLE : An independent
variable is that factor manipulated by the
experimenter in his attempt to determine its
relationship to an observed phenomenon.
• DEPENDENT VARIABLE : A dependent variable
is that factor which appears, disappears or
varies as the experimenter introduces,
removes or varies the independent variable.
• Social psychology blends concepts from both psychology and
sociology, though it is generally considered a branch of psychology.
It focuses on peoples influence on one another.
• One major area receiving considerable investigation from social
psychologists has been change- how to implement it and how to
reduce barriers to its acceptance.
• In addition we find social psychologists making significant
contributions in the areas of measuring, understanding, and
changing attitudes; communication patterns; and building trust.
Finally, social psychologists have made important contributions to
our study of group behavior, power and conflict.
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SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY