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Copyright 2013-2014 ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR Introduction • Organizational Behavior : OB is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization's effectiveness. Copyright 2013-2014 • Define Organization : A social unit or group of people working together to meet common goals. • Psychology touches almost every aspect of our lives. As society has become more complex, Psychology has assumed an increasingly important role in solving human problems. • Knowledge of Psychology is helpful even to people who do not plan to pursue it as a career. • Studying psychology provides insight into why people behave as they do. It also helps us better understand our own thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and attitudes, and hopefully, it can strengthen our appreciation of and tolerance for the wide differences that exist among people. Copyright 2013-2014 PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY AS SCIENCE OF SOUL • The term soul did not at first have religious implications such as it has today. For some it was an inner flame, for some a form of motion and for others a function of bodily processes. • Soul has no existence. It cannot be seen and heard. It has no weight and volume. It is a metaphysical concept. Copyright 2013-2014 • It makes psychology more of a religion than of Science because it is theological concept and implies certain theories of religion and relationships to God. • Psychologists considers minds as a combination of sum total of mental processes and it stands for personal internal experiences of man. • There are three kinds of mental activities : • Cognitive : knowing (like thinking, reasoning and imagining) • Conative : Doing (like walking, swimming and dancing) • Affective : Feeling (like feeling happy, sad and angry) Copyright 2013-2014 PSYCHOLOGY AS SCIENCE OF MIND • There are three states of consciousness. • Consciousness : Awareness of processes that are going inside or outside our bodies. The conscious mind can contain only a limited amount of thought; perceptions, and memories at any given time. • Subconscious : Some thoughts and memory exist on the edge of awareness, which can be pulled back into consciousness fairly earlier. • Unconscious : Certain ideas, feelings and memories are repressed or banished to unconscious because they are too painful, or disturbing to deal with at conscious level. Copyright 2013-2014 PSYCHOLOGY AS SCIENCE OF CONSCIOUSNESS • By behavior we mean those acts of organism that can be observed recorded and studied. • Behavior is always the starting point in any psychological study and psychologists can further study motivation personality and emotion. • Behavior is what a person does. More precisely, it is defined as the observable and measurable activity of human beings. This is known as overt (obvious) behavior. • Activities that qualify under this category show great variation: these may be in the form of mental process like decision making or in the form of physical process like handling a machine. There is another aspect of behavior which is non-observable or measureable known as covert (secret) behavior like feelings, attitude formation – etc. Copyright 2013-2014 PSYCHOLOGY AS SCIENCE of BEHAVIOR PROCESS OF BEHAVIOR Copyright 2013-2014 • Stimulus – Any energy change which excites a receptor, employed loosely of any object- or event which has such an effect, if a stimulus is normal stimulus for a receptor it is described adequate, if it is not and yet effective, it is described inadequate. • Response – The activity, muscular, of an organism with reference to a situation with which it is faced, or as a result of stimulation. • S.R. Model of human behavior suggests that the behavior is caused by certain reasons. The reasons may be internal feeling (motivation) and external environment (stimulus). • A stimulus is an agent, such as heat, light, piece of information, etc. that directly influences the activity of an organism (person). • Without the stimulus, there is no information to be handled by the internal processes prior to action taken by the person. • It implies that his behavior is determined by the situation. Inherent in the situation are the environmental forces that shape and determine his behavior at any given moment. The entire situation has been traditionally described as stimulus response' process. Copyright 2013-2014 S.R. MODEL Copyright 2013-2014 • INDEPENDENT VARIABLE : An independent variable is that factor manipulated by the experimenter in his attempt to determine its relationship to an observed phenomenon. • DEPENDENT VARIABLE : A dependent variable is that factor which appears, disappears or varies as the experimenter introduces, removes or varies the independent variable. • Social psychology blends concepts from both psychology and sociology, though it is generally considered a branch of psychology. It focuses on peoples influence on one another. • One major area receiving considerable investigation from social psychologists has been change- how to implement it and how to reduce barriers to its acceptance. • In addition we find social psychologists making significant contributions in the areas of measuring, understanding, and changing attitudes; communication patterns; and building trust. Finally, social psychologists have made important contributions to our study of group behavior, power and conflict. Copyright 2013-2014 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY