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Key Chapters Chapter 1 – Exploring Life: Introduction to biology Chapter 2– The Science of Biology College Prep Biology Mr. Martino 1.1 Life’s Organization Interactions occur at and across all levels of life – Biosphere ecosystem community population (species) organism organ systems organs tissues cells molecules atoms The full spectrum of these interactions encompasses the scope of biology (study of life) Organisms are highly interdependent - energy flow begins with producers: plants and other organisms that make their own food Consumers: animals that directly or indirectly rely upon Decomposers: break down organic material and cycle it back to the producers Life’s Organization con’t.. Biosphere – all the parts of the Earth that are inhabited by living things – Includes land, water, air. Ecosystems – a community of living things in an area which feature living and nonliving components of the biosphere – Biotic factors = living components – Abiotic factors = nonliving components Organisms – made up of cells that contain a unique genetic code found in DNA Cells – basic unit of life DNA – genetic code responsible for the inheritance of genes Genes – units of inherited information found on chromosomes Life’s Organization con’t.. 1.2 - Biology Explores life in its divers forms Species – discrete unit in nature that entitles organisms to reproduce with one another. Classification: is a means of grouping organisms – Kingdom: the 6 broadest categories • Archaebacteria – simple, no true nucleus – inhabit extreme environments • Eubacteria – simple, no true nucleus – all other forms of modern bacteria • Protista – includes algae and protozoa – unicellular or multicellular; plants or animals • Fungi – molds, yeasts and mushrooms – mostly decomposers • Plantae – multicellular, photosynthetic organisms • Animalia – multicellular, heterotrophic organisms Kingdoms con’t.. Kingdoms con’t.. 1.3 Ten themes that unify the study Themesof life • 1. Biological system a complex organization that allows its components to work freely but cohesively • 2. Cells specialized units that allow the biological system to work efficiently • 3. Reproduction: transmission of DNA from parent to offspring • 3. Growth and Development: DNA guides the increase in size and changes that occur over a life time • 4. Metabolism: obtain and convert energy to power all life processes • 5. Response: sense and react to various stimuli • 6. Homeostasis: internal balance is maintained regardless of environment • 7. Evolution: changes that occur as result of repro. Biological Themes con’t.. 1859 – Charles Darwin’s book: Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection explained his ideas on evolution. Immediate best-seller…Darwin became known as Father of Modern Evolutionary Theory Explained the common threads underlying life’s diversity Members of the same family are similar because of common ancestry Main concept is Natural Selection: the process of nature selecting the successful traits in a species Heritable variation must be present Heritable characteristics are exposed to environmental factors Overproduction of offspring Themes - Continued Theory: a comprehensive idea based upon facts, which has been tested over and over again – Evolution is a theory that explains diversity – Evolution is chronicled in the fossil record, embryology, anatomy, and molecular biology Adaptations: features evolved through natural selection - aid an organism’s survival Mutation: molecular change in DNA – Original source of variations in inherited traits 2.1 Biological Inquiry – Scientific Method “Science” from Latin derivative meaning “to know” There is NO single formula or rigid sequence that scientists use for problem solving, just key elements Key elements: – Observations/Data – Questions – Hypotheses – Predictions – Tests – Conclusion Science involves critical thinking and problem solving Scientific process can falsify or support hypotheses In biology, we pose and tests hypotheses about nature Scientific Method - continued Controlled experiment: an experiment in which there are two parallel groups…. – Control group: “normal” conditions • Used for comparison – Experimental group: has a single, unique factor Variable: the unique factor within an experiment Scientific Method - continued There are two types of variables: – INDEPENDENT: what the experimenter changes – DEPENDENT: the change that occurs a result of the independent variable. Science is adaptable Science is selfcorrecting Science is a means of gaining and understanding info. 2.2 – Hypothesis-Based Science Methods of Hypothesis-Based Science Hypothesis-Based Science… Forming and Testing a Hypothesis – Observation = derived from personal experiences – Question = a problem that needs to be answered – Hypothesis = suggested answer to a well-defined scientific question – Prediction = a testable statement written using “If…then…” logic – Test = experimental procedure designed to test the hypothesis