Download 18 Infection Prevention and Control

Infection Prevention
and Control
Emergency Medical Technician Programme
Infection Prevention and Control
At the completion of this module, the student
will be able to demonstrate the principles of
infection prevention and control whilst carrying
out their professional duties in accordance with
the appropriate CPG(s) and scope of practice
for an EMT.
Chain of Infection
• Reservoir/host
• Portal of exit
• Transmission
• Portal of entry
• Host susceptibility
Define the terms:
(examples?)
• Chain of infection
– is a way of gathering the information needed to interrupt
or prevent an epidemic.
• Source/routes of infection
– faeces, blood, mucus; in contaminated water; or in the
blood meal of an insect.
• Means of transmission
– it is transmitted by respiratory droplets, blood contact,
semen or other secretions. Does it need a living vector like
a mosquito or flea?
Define the terms (Cont.):
(examples?)
• Susceptible host
– an organism that can be infected by a pathogen
• Fomites
– objects that are capable of transmitting infectious
organisms from one individual to another
• Vector
– organisms that carries disease-causing microorganisms
from one host to another
Define the terms (Cont.):
(examples?)
• Incubation period
– the time between exposure to an infectious disease and
the appearance of the first signs or symptoms
• Quarantine
– restriction of free movement imposed to prevent the
spread of contagious disease
• Endemic
– confined to a certain region
Define the terms (Cont.):
(examples?)
• Epidemic
– outbreak of a contagious disease that spreads rapidly and
widely
• Pandemic
– over a wide geographic area and affecting a large
proportion of the population
• Pathogens
– agent that causes infection or disease
Define the terms (Cont.):
(examples?)
• Causative agent
– functioning as an agent or cause / something capable of
producing an effect
• Local infection
– an infection involving bacteria that invade the body at a
specific point
• Systemic infection
– an infection in which the pathogen is distributed
throughout the body
• Nosocomial infection
– An infection that can be acquired in a hospital within 72
hours
Breaking the Chain
• Universal precautions/standard precautions
– Proper use of PPE
– Hand washing (proper hand hygiene)
• Vaccination/immunisation programmes
• Preventing sharps injuries
– Self-sheathing needles
– Needleless IV systems
– Readily available sharps containers
• Proper cleaning/decontaminating
• Promptly reporting exposures
Standard infection control measures
and how they protect people
• Infection control principles are derived from
the epidemiology of infectious disease
transmission, involving the interaction
between host, agent and environment.
• Infection control practices aim to prevent
infection transmission by limiting the
exposure of susceptible people (hosts) to
microorganisms (agents) that may cause
infection.
Standard infection control measures
and how they protect people (Cont.)
• Standard precautions form the basis for the
prevention and control of infection in
healthcare settings and include:
–
–
–
–
–
–
hand hygiene
immunisation
asepsis
personal protective equipment
maintenance of a clean, safe environment
sharps management
• In circumstances where extra measures are
required to prevent transmission, additional
precautions may be used.
Personal Protective Equipment
• Disposable gloves
• Needlesafe/needlel
ess devices
• Protective eyewear
•
Biohazard
bags
• Cover gowns
• Resuscitative
• Surgical masks
equipment
• FFP3 respirators
• Waterless
handwashing foam
or gel
Discuss:
• Ambulance equipment that are designated single use
only
• Ambulance equipment that must be cleaned, disinfected
and sterilised
• Personal protection from airborne and blood borne
pathogens
Discuss (Cont.):
• Personal protective equipment necessary for each of the
following situations:
–
–
–
–
Exposure
Exposure
Exposure
Exposure
to
to
to
to
blood borne pathogens
airborne pathogens
biological agents
ectoparasites
• Parasites that are outside the body
– Exposure to antibiotic resistant bacteria {e.g. Methicillin
Resistant Staphyloccus Aureus (MRSA)}
Discuss (Cont.):
• Describe the safe use and disposal of sharps
• Describe the safe use and disposal of safety
engineered sharps/needleless systems
The steps to be taken in the event of
an inoculation injury; percutaneous &
mucocutaneous types:
1.Encourage bleeding under copious amounts of warm
running water for at least two minutes. Do not suck the
puncture site.
2.Cover with waterproof dressing if necessary.
3.Dispose of sharp carefully into an approved sharps
container.
4.Report the accident to the supervisor / clinical lead
immediately.
The steps to be taken in the event of
an inoculation injury; percutaneous &
mucocutaneous types (Cont.):
5.The injured person should then attend the
Emergency Department.
6.The Exposure Incident Record Form should
be completed on the initial visit to ED.
7.This record form should be forwarded to the
Occupational Health Manager who will then
notify the Department of Public Health.
8.A Form of Notice of Accident (IR1) should
also be completed in the ED.
In Terms of Infection
• Which is more infectious - HIV, Hep C or Hep B
– 1 in 300 for HIV
– 1 in 30 for HCV
– 1 in 3 for HBV
Common Infectious Disease
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
• Hepatitis B virus
• Tuberculosis
• Remember Your Appropriate Standard Infection
Control Measures
Discuss:
• List the steps in blood and body fluid spills
management
• Distinguish between healthcare risk and nonhealthcare risk waste
• List the steps to manage linen soiled with blood or
body fluids
Cleaning and Disinfecting
• Cleaning routine should follow the local Infection
Control Policy (ICP).
• Clean your vehicle after each patient; the amount
of cleaning depends on the amount of
contamination.
• Exchange linen after every patient.
• Equipment is now mainly disposable
– destroy used equipment appropriately.
Protect Yourself!
• Immunisations and
vaccinations
• Personal protective
equipment
• Handwashing
• Sharps bins
• Biohazard bags
Some Common Diseases
Measles
• Highly communicable
airborne disease
• Causes fever,
conjunctivitis, blotchy red
rash, coughing
Chickenpox
• Highly contagious
• Fever
• Photosensitivity
• Vesicular rash that crusts
over leaving scabs.
Syphilis
• Acute and chronic
disease caused by
bacteria
• Initial infection
causes chancre at
infection site
• Secondary infection
refers to skin rash,
hair loss, and swollen
lymph glands.
Genital Herpes
• Chronic, recurrent illness
caused by herpes simplex
virus
• Characterised by
vesicular
lesions
• Disease may be
reactivated
over many years
Lyme Disease
• Tick-borne disease;
rare in UK
• Early stage characterised
by a bull’s-eye rash
• Causes flu-like symptoms
• May lead to arthritis