Download UNIT ONE - Cells and Heredity

Welcome to Cells and Heredity
Weekly Lab – scientific tools
and scientific exploration
If you have a certain volume of water will it have a
corresponding mass?
Is the relationship between water volume
and mass linear?
Does the mass of water change depending on
the volume?
Tools:
Beakers
Triple Beam Balances
Water
Graph paper
Cells and heredity…The genetics of life!
What makes something living?
Biotic
Ability to develop and grow
Ability to respond to the environment
Ability to reproduce
THEN…
CHARACTERISTICS of living organisms
Made of CELLS
What are the internal structures of a cell?
Organelles and their functions in the cell…
Examples include:
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Cell wall
Lysosomes
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Central vacuole
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Any of a number of
organized or specialized
structures within a living
cell.
What are the differences between
plant and animal cells?
Animals
lysosome
Plants
Central vacuole
Chloroplast
Cell wall
Using technology in the science
classroom
-Check out ipad
-open the app “explain everything” to develop a video explaining
the function and purpose of organelles in a cell
-include information on the difference between plant and animal
cells.
Cell Theory states that…
1
Every living thing is made of one or more cells
Unicellular
Multicellular
2
Cells carry out the functions needed to support life
3
Cells come from other living cells
Unicellular organisms
Small…bacteria…
algae…amoebae
One cell
Can survive on their own
Multicellular organisms
Larger…many
cells…specialized…
different types of cells
Metric REVIEW
LITERS
GRAMS
METERS
CELCIUS
LIQUID
WEIGHT
AREA
PERIMETER
Diffusion and Osmosis?
Weekly Lab – Osmosis
Why is it important that materials be able
to move in and out of a cell??
How do materials move into and out of cells?
Tools:
Eggs
Vinegar
Plastic cup
Data sheet
Triple bean balance
STEPS:
Weigh cup
Weigh cup and egg
Determine starting weight of egg
Place egg in vinegar
Record weight of egg in data sheet
Diffusion
The movement of atoms or
molecules from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower
concentration. Atoms and small
molecules can move across a
cell membrane by diffusion
Not just as a liquid…
Osmosis
Osmosis is the diffusion of the
movement of water from a
region of higher concentration
to a region of lower
concentration through a cell
membrane or other semipermeable membrane until an
equilibrium is reached.
The movement of materials in and
out of a cell, using the cells
energy.
EXAMPLE – Sweating (removal of
salts)
Active Transport
The movement of materials in and
out of a cell, without using any of
the cells energy.
EXAMPLE - Diffusion
ENDOCYTOSIS
&
EXCOCYTOSIS
Passive Transport
Welcome to a-sexual
reproduction
Asexual reproduction is a mode of
reproduction by which offspring
arise from a single parent, and
inherit the genes of that parent only
Cells are broken down into two groups
Eukaryotic Cells
-Genetic material in nucleus
-Organelles
-Predominantly multicellular
Prokaryotic cells
Genetic material in cytoplasm
No organelles
Mostly unicellular organisms
A-Sexual Reproduction
The identical
creation of a
new
cell/structure
can live
separately yet
genetically
identical to the
parent.
Mitosis
In unicellular organisms
Cell Division = Reproduction
Budding
Single cells - yeast
Multi-cellular - Hydra
Binary Fission
In simple terms, splitting in two…
Prokaryotes – split in two EX: bacteria
Eukaryotic organisms – separate and independent
EX: algae / paramecium
Regeneration in Northern Sea Star
Cell division A sexual
Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
Mitosis – a-sexual cell division
With multi-cellular
organisms, new
cells are unable to
live alone, they
become part of
the original
structure.
GROWTH
&
REPAIR
Mitosis…
Part of the cell cycle
The second part of the cell cycle, as the chromosomes divide and split
Cellular Reproduction
Mitosis
= a-sexual
Meiosis
= sexual cell division
REVIEW
HUMANS – (organism)

Multicellular

Has nucleus in cells

Eukaryotic
New organism from two parents
Bacteria – (organism)

Unicellular

No nucleus
DNA in Cytoplasm

Prokaryotic
Cloned organism from one parent
Mitosis
Or skin….
Meiosis
Producing a genetically different offspring
New Organism
Daughter Cell (clone)
Sexual
A-sexual
Meiosis
Mitosis

CELL DIVISION

The Cell Cycle has three main parts…
Mitosis
Growth and Repair
WHY Mitosis
Mitosis causes growth and repair by providing more
identical cells to replace old, damaged or missing
cells for repair or to produce more tissue for growth.
Cell division has the ability to create new cells
and is a simplistic way of cell reproduction. The
cell copies themselves reproducing and creating
a identical daughter cell.
The ability to do this gives the cells the ability to
repair things such as…?
What is Growth and Repair?
Growth, repair or both?
Growth, repair or both?
Growth, repair or both?
Growth, repair or both?
Growth, repair or both?
Growth, repair or both?
Welcome to meiosis
What is mitosis again?
Meiosis
=
sexual cell division with the purpose of developing a new
individual offspring
ONLY in reproductive tissues?
TERMINOLOGY
Sperm
Egg
Gamete
fertilization
REPRODUCTION
Web Quest – In teams of two
-Find a working definition for meiosis and
convert to your words
-Build graphic organizer to show definitions
for at least five terms
-Develop definition to compare meiosis to
mitosis
What is meiosis?
• Sexual reproduction of diploid cells which
creates four haploid daughter cells. These
daughter cells become either sperm or eggs
(gametes).
What is fertilization?
• The combining of egg and sperm (gametes) to
create a zygote (new being)
Genetics
Dominant TraitsBrown Eyes
Dark hair
Unattached earlobes
Dimples
Freckles
Can roll tongue
Left over right thumb
Widows Peak
Recessive TraitsBlue Eyes
Blond/red hair
Attached earlobes
No Dimples
No Freckles
Can’t roll tongue
Right over left thumb
No Widows Peak
The Punnett Square … Determining Heredity
1822-1884
Gregor Mendel
Looking at traits
Why is there a brown chicken?
BLOOD
Blood is a combination of plasma (watery liquid) and
cells that float in it. It is a specialized bodily fluid
that supplies essentials substances and nutrients,
such as sugar, oxygen, and hormones to our cells,
and carries waste away from those cells, this waste
is eventually flushed out of the body in urine, feces,
sweat, and lungs (carbon dioxide). Blood also
contains clotting agents.
Blood type is determined by proteins called antigens:
Three types of blood cells:
RED – most abundant, responsible for carrying O2
to the cells in the body
WHITE – part of immune system that keeps us
healthy in killing destructive agents to the body
PLATLETS – The clotting parts that seal wounds
Four Possible Blood Types
The ABO blood type classification
system uses the presence
distinct molecules called
agglutinogens
or absence of these molecules to
categorize blood into four types:
Type O blood is the
recessive allele
BLOOD TYPE IS GENETIC
The A and B antigen molecules on the surface of red blood cells are produced by two different
enzymes. These two enzymes are encoded by different versions, or alleles, of the same gene:
A and B.
The A and B alleles code for enzymes that produce the type A and B antigens respectively.
A third version of this gene, the O allele, codes for a protein that is not functional and does not
produce surface molecules. (recessive)
Two copies of the gene are inherited, one from each parent. The possible combinations of
alleles produce blood types in the following way:
How white blood cells are formed
Blood cells – white blood cells
Terminology
Plasma - 55% of total blood volume– holds blood
in suspension and 92% by volume water
Antibodies - a blood protein produced by white
blood cells to combine chemically with
substances that the body recognizes as alien,
such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances
in the blood.
Antigen – the foreign substance being attacked
by antibodies
DNA intro and review
DNA =
The
information
molecule
Replication produces two identical molecules of DNA
The hereditary material in
humans and almost all other
organisms. Nearly every cell in a
person’s body has the same DNA.
Most DNA is located in the cell’s
nucleus
(where it is called nuclear DNA)
DNA
Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, and more
than 99 percent of those bases are the same in all
people.
Parts of the double helix
DNA base pairs –
Cytosine & Guanine
Adenine & Thymine
Phosphates and sugar
The pairs are always
together, their order on
the DNA molecule is
what changes
GENES- Chromosomes - DNA
DNA CRITERIA
• Explain before you begin:
– What are adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine
– How are they paired?
• Open DNA Damage
• Write ALL information that is given to you
Mutations
mutations - change
A change in DNA, the
heredity material of life. An
organism’s DNA affects how
it looks, behaves and its
physiology.
UNIT EXAM