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TORTORA • FUNKE • CASE Microbiology AN INTRODUCTION EIGHTH EDITION B.E Pruitt & Jane J. Stein Chapter 11, part D and E The Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea Gram positives - Two groups: Low G+C and High G+C • Low G + C • Include common soil bacteria, the lactic acid bacteria, endospore formers and several human pathogens • Gram-positive Firmicutes Enterococcus and Clostridium • Bacillus or coccus shaped Clostridiales • Clostridium • Endospore-producing • Obligate anaerobes • Epulopiscium • Epulopiscium fishelsoni • Way big bacteria • Surgeonfish symbiont • 1,000,000 x the size of most bacteria Figure 11.14 & 15 Clostridium • Obligate endospore forming Anaerobic rod • Clostridium botulinum • botulism • Clostridium tentani • tetanus • Clostridium perfringens • Gas gangrene Bacillales • Bacillus • Endospore-producing rods Figure 11.16b Lactobacillales - Coccus Gram (+) • Staphylococcus • Cocci • Catalase positive • S. epidermitis • S. aureus Figure 1.17 Lactobacillales - Gram (+) cocci and rods • Generally aerotolerant, lack an electron-transport chain • Catalase negative • Lactobacillus • Streptococcus • Hemolysis • Alpha • Beta • gamma • Enterococcus • Listeria Figure 11.18 Mycoplasmatales • Wall-less, pleomorphic • 0.1 - 0.24 µm (very small) • M. pneumoniae Figure 11.19a, b Actinobacteria • High G + C • Gram-positive • Include Mycobacteria, Corynebacteria, and Actinomycetes. The important pathogenic genus, Mycobacterium, as well as the filamentous genera Streptomyces and Actinomyces, which form conidiospores. Actinobacteria • Often filamentous • Lots of antibiotics from this group • Actinomyces • Corynebacterium • Gardnerella • Mycobacterium • Acid fast • Propionibacterium • Streptomyces Figure 11.20b Domain Archaea Archaea lack peptidoglycan. They typically live in extreme conditions • Hyperthermophiles • Thermus • Methanogens • Methanobacterium • Extreme halophiles • Halobacterium Figure 11.25 Microbial Diversity • Bacteria size range • Thiomargarita (750 µm) to nanobacteria (0.02 µm) in rocks Figure 11.26 Microbial Diversity • PCR indicates up to 10,000 bacteria/gm of soil. Many bacteria have not been identified or characterized because they: • Haven't been cultured • Need special nutrients • Are part of complex food chains requiring the products of other bacteria • Need to be cultured to understand their metabolism and ecological role
