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Welcome!
Introduction
to
Public Speaking
Instructor: Ellen Waddell
AGENDA
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Verbal versus Non Verbal Communication
Four speaking methods
Presentation Techniques
Communicating Without Words
• We all communicate
nonverbally
• By analyzing nonverbal cues,
we can
– enhance our understanding of
what is really being said when
people talk
– better define the nature of each
relationship we share with
someone else
Cues and Contexts
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We communicate nonverbally through
 our bodies and appearance
 the environment we create and live in
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Nonverbal communication is perpetual and, frequently,
involuntary
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Verbal and nonverbal messages are often contradictory
 Mixed messages – when words and actions contradict
each other
Functions of Nonverbal Communication
 Message
Reinforcement
 Message
Negation
 Message
Substitution
 Message
Accentuation
 Message
Regulation
Aspects of Nonverbal Communication
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Kinesics – the study of body
language
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Facial Expressions =
emotion display
Posture and Gestures
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Posture sends messages:
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Content and confident? Angry and belligerent? Worried
and discouraged?
Whether you are ready to meet the world or avoid it
The way you feel about those with whom you are
communicating
Gestures sends messages:
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Movements of arms, legs, hands, and feet send messages
about us
Gestures do not have universal meanings
Clothing and Artifacts
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Artifactual communication – the use of personal
adornments
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Extremely important in creating a first impression
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Dress and chosen images should change as our roles
change
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Sometimes the basis for judgments regarding success,
character, dominance, and competence
Paralanguage
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Paralanguage – vocal cues that accompany language
 Pitch
 Habitual pitch
 Volume
 Rate
 Pauses
 Nonfluencies
 Silence
Space and Distance
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Distances
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Intimate: 0-18 inches
Personal: 18 inches to 4 ft.
Social: 4 to 12 ft.
Public: 12 ft. to limit of sight
Spaces
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Informal: highly mobile and can be quickly changed
Semifixed-feature: the use of objects to create distance
Fixed-feature: relatively permanent objects to define the
environment around us
Territoriality and Personal Space
– the need to demonstrate a
possessive or ownership relationship to
space
 Territoriality
– used to establish territory or
reserve one’s space
 Markers
Colors

Color affects us emotionally and physiologically

Some of the emotions colors can trigger:
 Excitement
 Warmth
 Passion and sensuality
 Happiness
 Relaxation
 Persuasion
Chronemics

Using time to communicate
 The meaning of time differs around the world
 “Time talks”
 Last minute invitations
 Habitual tardiness
 Leaving early
 Allocation of certain activities to appropriate times
 Structure time differently
Haptics
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Haptics – the study of the use of touch
Culturally conditioned
 Correlates positively with openness, comfort with
relationships
 Can reflect status
 Important in sexual communication
 Sends many messages about us
 Valued differently by different cultures
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Gender and Nonverbal Behavior

Visual Dominance – measured
by comparing the percentage of
looking while speaking with the
percentage of looking while
listening
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Men – higher levels of
looking while speaking
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Women – higher levels of
looking while listening
Gendered Communication
Diversity and Nonverbal Behavior
 Contact
cultures vs. Low-contact cultures
 Different
cultures may express emotion or
intimacy in different ways
 Cultural
background also affects their use of
touch and personal space
 Identical
nonverbal cues may still convey
different meanings in different cultures
Assess Your Nonverbal Effectiveness
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Examine the environment
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Observe the communicators
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Observe body language
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Listen for vocal cues
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Observe touching
Expectations for Speech Makers
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Society has grown accustomed to high-quality speeches
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Characteristics of good speakers:
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Have insight
Know their audience
Believe what they are doing is important
Always practice
Think of the speech as a performance
Make a critique or post-presentation analysis of the speech
Four Speaking Methods
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Manuscript
Memorized
Impromptu
Extemporaneous
* Exam topic
Presentation Techniques:
How to make a professional presentation
Speaking With Style
• Speech Delivery:
– Verbal communication
– Non-Verbal Communication
– Visuals:
• Types
• Design
• How to Use
– Speech Design: Structuring
your presentation
Speaking With Style
• Speech Delivery:
• Your delivery is how you say
what you say…it is the verbal
and nonverbal components
of your speech
Speaking With Style
• Verbal communication
– Choice of words
• Jargon
• Slang
– Grammar
– Enunciation
– Speech Fillers
• More on next slide about
this…
– Vocal variety (pitch/volume)
– Speedy speakers
Confused Communication
• Speech Fillers confuse the listener, with
the message becoming garbled
• A Speech Filler is anything that interrupts
the message and can include:
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UM
UH
OKAY
You Know
So then
Now…
Like
Speaking With Style
Non verbal Communication
– What are you doing with your body?????
• Body language speaks volumes
– Posture
– Hand gestures
– Facial expressions
– Eye contact
– Dress/appearance
– Body movement/use
Speaking With Style
Non verbal Communication
– What are you doing with your body?????
• NO TOUCHING YOUR BODY -we know
you love yourself, just don’t show it
by hugging it or anything else.
• No fig leaf stance
• No tapping fingers/toes
• Eyes should always be on the
speaker…not out the window, on the
floor, on your nails…
• Hands should be used to emphasis
your points, or better show your
visual
Speaking With Style
Visuals:
• Charts
• Models
• Objects
• Electronic Media
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Power Point Presentation
HTML
DVD/Video
Pictures (scanned/Internet)
• Drawings
Speaking With Style
Preparing/Designing Visuals:
• Make sure visual aid is large enough to
be seen
– Size 24 Font for PPP
• Use visual only if it supports, or clarifies
your topic
– Choose a visual that best “makes
visual” your topic
• KISS: Keep It Simple…Simon
• Professional style is key
– NO HAND PRINTED POSTERS
– NO LAST MINUTE, HURRY UP AND
GET IT DONE OBJECTS/MATERIAL
Speaking With Style
• Use of visuals should be fluid with
your topic
– Use visual as a support to the
speech, not the center=piece of
your presentation
• Show only when needed-turn off when
not in use
• Maintain eye contact with your
audience, not the visual aid
• Talk to your audience, not your visual
aid
• DO NOT PASS VISUAL AROUND THE
ROOM
Welcome!
Introduction
to
Public Speaking
Instructor: Ellen Waddell
AGENDA
•
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Basic speech organization/outlining-Part III
(turning the outline into speaker note
cards)
Structure vs. Communication
• Common complaints
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Unstructured/Unprepared
Poor speaking skills
Unprofessional attire
Too long
Systematic Speaking Process
Structure vs. Communication
• Good communication requires a
structure
– Such as a skeleton
– Organize your thought into a pattern
• (topical/chronological/etc.)
– Support your points with specifics
– Construct an introduction
– Construct a conclusion
Designing Your Speech:
Organizing Your Ideas
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Base organization on the principle of
redundancy
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Speech framework:
Introduction - tell them what you are going to
tell them
Body - tell them
Conclusion - tell them what you have told
them
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Organizing the Main Ideas into a Pattern
Baking cookies
•1st Main idea: Definition of term
•Subordinate idea: needed ingredients
•Subordinate idea: needed utensils
2nd Main idea: Mixing ingredients
Subordinate idea: First mix wet items
Subordinate idea: Mix dry items
Subordinate idea: Mix all together
3rd Main idea: Bake Cookies
Subordinate idea: place on greased
cookie sheet 1 “ apart
Subordinate idea: Bake at 350
degrees until brown around edges
Subordinate idea: Place finished
cookies on rack and allow to cool 10
minutes before serving
Beginnings and Endings
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The introduction
1. Gains the attention of the
audience
2. Makes the audience want to
listen to your speech
3. Establishes speaker credibility
4. Provides the audience with an
overview of the subject
Types of Introductions & Conclusions
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To increase the effectiveness of introductions and
conclusions, use some of the following techniques
 Humor
 Examples
 Illustrations
 Suspense
 Rhetorical questions
 Frightening facts
 Startling statistics
• Attention getter:
– Have you ever heard the expression, “I’m in a jam?” Today, we will
be “in a jam” as I share with you the process of making jams and
jellies
• Speaker Credibility
– I learned how to can foods from my mother, who grew up when
refrigeration did not exist. Food had to be grown and preserved for
winter.
• Make them want to listen:
– As a child, I remember listening to my mother telling stories about
those early days, and how families, neighbors, and communities
worked together for the common survival of all who lived in those
mountains. The very fabric of the community depended upon
helping others through the long summer months. It became a
tradition based in the needs of the community and the culture that
grew from that same group of people.
• Preview your main ideas (thesis statement).
– Today, I will show you, as my mother showed me, how easy it is to
make blackberry jam from fruit you grow, or pick fresh. The process
is simple and includes picking your fruit, cleaning and preparing it, the
cooking process, and finally the process of canning the finished
mixture.
Conclusion
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The conclusion
1. Review the material covered
2. Ends with a solid clincher
The process of preserving your fruits is easy and includes
picking your fruit, cleaning and preparing it, the cooking
process, and finally the process of canning the finished
mixture. It is important to me to pass this cultural piece of my
past on to those who follow me. I have already taught most of
my nieces, and even my future daughter-in-law. I love to be in
a jam. It means I am celebrating part of my family history for
generations to come. So get “jammin’” and you will find it as fun
as I do.
Internal Summaries & Transitions
• Internal Summaries
– Connect multiple main ideas during the
speech presentation
• So far, I have shown you how to select and
prepare the ingredients, now let me show you the
proper way to serve this dish.
– Transitions
• Connect one main idea to the next main idea
– Now that I have shown you how to select the
ingredients, next let me show you the process
of preparation.
OUTLINE FLOW CHART
TITLE
INTRODUCTION
The Introductory paragraph sets the tone for the paper and includes an
attention getter, establishes credibility, makes audience want to listen,
and ends with a one sentence declarative thesis statement.
Transition to BODY of speech
BODY
First Main Point
-Sub points with supporting materials from text
Transition or Internal Summary to Next Main Point
Second Main Point
-Sub points with supporting materials from text
CONCLUSION
The last paragraph of your paper includes a restatement of the Thesis,
closing comments, and an CLINCHER to conclude the paragraph.
The Tryout
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Analyzing your presentation – use your speech
notes, a clock, and a video or tape recorder
 What are you trying to determine?
If presentation is too long
 Unclear ideas
 Too much redundancy
 Confusing structure
 Ineffective attention-getter
 Too detailed or too technical body
 Unsatisfactory conclusion
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Next Session
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Bring recipe
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Workshop for process speech preparation
Welcome!
Introduction
to
Public Speaking
Instructor: Ellen Waddell
AGENDA
•
•
•
•
Who is your audience?
What is the setting?
Speech Line-up
Process speech workshop
Audience Analysis: Who Are They?
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Finding out information about the makeup of your audience
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Educated guesses
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Sources of audience information
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Personal experience
Research
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Ask program planner to provide audience information
Obtain copies of public relations material
Discussions with members of the potential audience
Audience Demographics
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Background and composition of your audience are
important factors
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Age
Gender
Family orientation
Religion
Cultural background
Occupation
Socioeconomic status
Educational level
Additional factors
Analyzing the Setting or Occasion
Is the event formal/informal; a business, religious,
social affair?
 Where will the presentation occur?
 How many people?
 Type of equipment
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Microphone vs. natural voice
Electronic presentation vs. Posters/Easel
Lighting
 Size of room
 Set up/arrangement of room
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Can you alter the arrangement?
OUTLINE FLOW CHART
TITLE
INTRODUCTION
The Introductory paragraph sets the tone for the paper and includes an
attention getter, establishes credibility, makes audience want to listen,
and ends with a one sentence declarative thesis statement.
Transition to BODY of speech
BODY
First Main Point
-Sub points with supporting materials from text
Transition or Internal Summary to Next Main Point
Second Main Point
-Sub points with supporting materials from text
CONCLUSION
The last paragraph of your paper includes a restatement of the Thesis,
closing comments, and an CLINCHER to conclude the paragraph.
Process Speech Assignment
• The purpose is to relate a progression of steps
in a TIME ORDERED sequence.
• Due Wednesday:
– 2 to 5 minute speech idea
– Recipe handout-from YOUR culture/family
• Speech presentation day:
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Videotape
Note cards
Self evaluation form
Recipe handout
Process Speech Assignment
• Speech Line-up
• Review assignment and evaluation form
• Take the rest of this session to work with a
partner on assignment
THE END