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“Ancient Civilizations: Ancient Rome” Unit—Study Guide
Part 1: Unit Vocabulary
1. Democracy – a government that receives its power from the people
2. Dictator- a person who takes over and has complete control over a country’s government
3. Republic - a form of government in which people rule through elected representatives
4. Representative Democracy- a democracy in which citizens elect representatives to speak for them in government
5. Absolute Monarchy – a monarch (king or queen) with total power
6. Tyrant – a person who illegally takes power and controls a government
7. Citizen – a legal member of a country
8. Plebeian – an ordinary, working male citizen of ancient Rome; they had the right to vote
9. Patrician – a member of a wealthy, landowning family who claimed to be able to trace its roots back to the founding of Rome; they controlled
the law because only they could be judges
10. Senate – an assembly of elected representatives; the most powerful ruling body of the Roman Republic
11. Consuls – two men chosen to run the everyday procedures in Rome; they were in power for only one year
12. Veto – a Latin word meaning “ I object or disagree”; this word is used in U.S. courtrooms
13. Law of the Twelve Tables – written around 450 B.C.E. that formed the foundation of Roman law which applied to all Romans
14. Hannibal - the leader of the Carthaginian military during the Second Punic War; his goal was revenge and defeat of Rome
15. Scipio – the leader of the Roman military during the Second Punic War; his goal was revenge and defeat of Carthage
16. Carthage - an empire which rule North Africa and southern Spain, controlled the western Mediterranean
17. Rome – the capital of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire; also refers to all the land in Rome’s control
18. Punic Wars – a series of three wars between Rome and Carthage over control of the western Mediterranean
19. Mediterranean Sea – The Roman Empire ruled most of the land surrounding this sea; vital for trade and conquest; Romans called it mare
nostrum which means “our sea.”
20. Legion - a military unit of about 6,000 citizen soldiers
21. Julius Caesar – a successful general, consul, speaker, and dictator; he was murdered by the Roman Senate who feared his gaining power
22. Mark Antony – general and friend of Caesar who fought with Cleopatra for control over Rome after Caesar’s death
23. Cleopatra – Queen of Egypt and wife of Mark Antony who fought with Antony for control of Rome after Caesar’s death
24. Octavian - Julius Caesar’s adopted son who defeated Antony and Cleopatra and named Rome’s first emperor in 27 B.C.E.
25. Augustus – As emperor, Octavian took the name Augustus, and ruled the Roman Empire for more than 4o years. This time is known as the
Augustan Age
26. Caesar – the title that Roman Emperors took to represent their power; equal to king, emperor, etc.
27. Pax Romana – the period of peace and cultural growth that Augustus created in the Roman Empire; meaning Roman Peace
28. Latin – the language Romans spoke; it is no longer spoken today except in some Catholic Churches
29. Romance Languages - languages originating from Latin; Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, French, Romanian, and Catalan
30. Christianity – a monotheistic religion whose people follow the teachings of the Jewish scholar Jesus Christ, and rooted in the Jewish faith of
one God, the God of the Hebrews
31. Christians – followers of Christ or the Christian religion; from the Greek word Christos, or messiah
32. Jesus – the founder of Christianity was a Jewish scholar who people believed was the savior and son of God. He was crucified to death to
prevent an uprising in Judea/Palestine
33. Gospels – literally meaning “good news”; these Christian sources tell the story of Jesus and his teachings
34. Bible – Christian texts containing the Old Testament (much of the Hebrew Bible) and New Testament (Gospels)
35. Disciples – followers of Jesus who went throughout the Roman Empire spreading Christianity
36. Constantine – Emperor of Rome who converted to Christianity in A.D. 312 after a victory on the battlefield; he stop persecutions of Christians
and allowed Christians freedom of worship
37. Pope – the father or leader of the Christian Church; considered to be God’s representative on Earth”
38. Byzantine Empire – the former Eastern Roman Empire till its fall in the 15th century A.D.
39. Barbarians – the name given to people living outside of the Roman Empire; they were considered to be uncivilized.
Part 2: Unit Essential Questions
1.
Why did the Roman Empire rise to power and fall to ruin? What was the effect of this?
2.
How did the Roman Republic operate (work)? Who was a citizen in the Roman Republic? How did it compare to Athenian Democracy
and the U.S. government? Was the Roman Republic Democratic?
3.
How did geography impact the growth of Rome?
4.
How did trade routes impact the growth of Rome?
5.
How did Rome’s transition from Republic to Empire impact its citizens?
6.
How did the spread of Roman culture influence life throughout the Empire? And the modern world?
7.
What is Christianity? How did Christianity develop? How did Christianity emerge and spread throughout the Roman Empire?
8.
How was Christianity similar and different to Rome’s traditional religions? and Jewish religions?
Unit Geography: You must be able to identify the following locations/geographic features on a world map.
1. North America 2. South America 3. Europe
4. Africa
5. Asia
6. Australia
7. Antarctica
9. Pacific Ocean
10. Indian Ocean 11. Arctic Ocean
8. Atlantic Ocean
12. Southern Ocean
13. Gulf of Mexico 14. Caribbean Sea 15. Rocky Mountains
16. Andes Mountains
17. Appalachian Mountains
18. Amazon River 19. Mississippi River
20. Tigris River
21. Euphrates River
24. Egypt
25. Nile River
28. Arabian Sea
29. Indus River
26. Red Sea
23. Mesopotamia
27. Mediterranean Sea
30. Ganges River 31. Bay of Bengal
35. Himalayan Mountains
38. South China Sea
22. Persian Gulf
36. India
37. China
39. East China Sea 40. Philippine Sea 41. Yellow Sea
42. Sea of Japan
43. Yellow River 44. Yangtze river
46. Greece
47. Aegean Sea
51. France/Gaul
52. Britain/England
48. Alps
45. Israel
49. Italy/Italian Peninsula
53. Pyrenees Mountains
50. Spain
54. English Channel
Part 4: Review Vocabulary
1.
Agriculture-
17. Import-
2.
Hunter-gatherer society-
18. Export-
3.
Polytheism-
19. Irrigation-
4.
Monotheism-
20. Scribe-
5.
Division of labor-
21. Judaism-
6.
Democracy-
22. Artifact-
7.
Cuneiform-
23. Hieroglyphs-
8.
Torah-
24. Sanskrit-
9.
Hammurabi’s Code-
25. Mythology-
10. Pharaoh-
26. Ten Commandments-
11. Hinduism-
27. Caste system-
12. Dynasties-
28. Buddhism-
13. Confucianism-
29. Daoism-
14. Hammurabi’s Code-
30. City-State
15. Alexander the Great-
31. Citizen-
16. Silk Road1.
What geographic features are beneficial to the formation of a civilization?
2.
How was irrigation important to ancient human civilizations?
3.
Why is agriculture important to civilizations?
4.
How did division of labor aid help society to advance at a more rapid speed?
5.
Why did the ancient peoples value religion within their societies?
6.
What role does social hierarchy play in government and society?
7.
How do inventions & innovations help society to become advanced and powerful? What are some of these inventions and
innovations?
8.
How do civilizations rise and fall?
9.
How does the movement of: people goods and ideas impact society?
10. How does trade impact a nation’s economy and society?