Download Biochemical Compounds

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1. Why does a coach tell athletes to eat
carbohydrates the night before a
game?
2. Why do body builders drink protein
shakes?
Biochemistry
Biochemical compounds
Organic
Inorganic
Organic Compounds
• Contain carbon
and hydrogen
• Ex: C6H12O6
CH4
• Some organic
compounds:
– Carbohydrates
– Lipids
– Nucleic acids
– Proteins
Carbon
• The basis of all life
• Organic chemistry studies
•
•
all compounds that
contain bonds between
carbon atoms
Carbon can covalently
bond with many other
elements because it has
four valence electrons
Carbon can form chains
or rings by bonding with
other carbon atoms
Macromolecules
• “Giant molecules” made up of smaller molecules
• Polymerization = process joining smaller
molecules, monomers, to form larger
molecules, polymers
Carbohydrates
• Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms usually
•
•
•
•
in a 1:2:1 ratio
Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of
energy.
Plants use carbohydrates for structural purposes.
Monosaccharides or simple sugars
(glucose/galactose/fructose) is broken down for
immediate energy for all cell activities
Extra sugar is stored as polysaccharides or complex
carbohydrates (starches/glycogen/cellulose)
Figure 2-13 A Starch
Section 2-3
Starch
Glucose
Go to
Section:
Lipids
• Mostly made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms and
generally are not soluble in water
– Fats
– Oils
– Waxes
• Store energy or provide waterproofing
• Many lipids are formed by a glycerol molecule combining
with fatty acids to form chains
– Saturated = the fatty acids contain the max number of
hydrogen atoms with single bonds throughout
– Unsaturated = there is at least one carbon-carbon double bond
– Polyunsaturated = more than one double bond
Nucleic Acids
• Macromolecules containing
•
•
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
carbon and phosphorus
Polymer made up of covalently
bonded monomers called
nucleotides
Nucleotides are made up of
– a 5-carbon sugar
– a phosphate group
– a nitrogenous base
• Nucleotides store and transmit
hereditary, or genetic,
information
– Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
– Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Proteins
• Macromolecules that contain
•
•
•
•
nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen
Proteins are polymers made up of
covalently bonded amino acids
Amino acids are compounds with
an amino group (-NH2), a
carboxyl group (-COOH) on
opposite ends and different “R”
groups
The instructions for arranging
amino acids into different
proteins are stored in DNA
Each protein has a specific role
such as controlling the rate of
reactions, regulating cell
processes, transporting
molecules, or fighting disease.
Figure 2-16 Amino Acids
Section 2-3
Amino
group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Go to
Section:
Alanine
Serine
Concept Map
Section 2-3
Carbon
Compounds
include
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars and
starches
Fats and oils
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Go to
Section:
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
which contain
which contain
Carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen
Inorganic compounds
• Do not contain carbon and hydrogen!!!
• Ex: CO2
NH3
CaCl2
Water
• The single most abundant compound in
most living things
• The molecule is neutral with 10 protons
and 10 electrons
Polarity
• Since the oxygen molecule has
8 protons (compared to
hydrogen only having 1
proton), the oxygen has a
stronger attraction for the
electrons
• Thus, there is a slightly
negative charge at the oxygen
end and a slightly positive
charge at the hydrogen end
• Water is a polar molecule
because it has an uneven
distribution of charge from the
uneven distribution of
electrons between the
oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
Hydrogen bonds
• Polar molecules can attract each
•
•
•
•
•
other
The charges are in parentheses to
show they are weaker than ionic
charges
Hydrogen bonds form between the
hydrogen and oxygen atoms, which
are weaker than ionic or covalent
bonds, but the strongest bond
between molecules
The hydrogen bonding explains
many of water’s properties such as
cohesion (water beads) and
adhesion (meniscus and capillary
action)
Cohesion is an attraction between
molecules of the same substance.
Adhesion is an attraction between
molecules of different substances.
Mixtures
• Two or more elements or compounds that
are physically mixed together, but not
chemically combined.
– Solutions
– Suspensions
Solutions
• Mixtures where all of
the components are
evenly distributed
throughout
– Solute – the substance
that dissolves
– Solvent – the
substance in which the
solute dissolves
Suspensions
• Mixtures where some
materials do not
dissolve
pH
• A water molecule can react to form the ions H+
•
•
and OHThe pH scale indicates the concentration of
hydrogen ions [H+] compared to the
concentration of hydroxide ions [OH-] in solution
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 and increases
by a factor of 10
– pH of 7 = neutral because there’s an equal number
of H+ & OH- ions
– pH < 7 = acids because there’s more H+ ions than
OH- ions
– pH > 7 = bases because there’s less H+ ions than
OH- ions
pH
• The pH will affect chemical reactions that
take place within cells
• Thus, controlling pH within a neutral
range is important for maintaining
homeostasis
• Buffers are weak acids (pH 4-6) or bases
(pH 8-10) that can react with strong acids
(pH 0-3) or bases (pH 11-14) to prevent
sudden pH changes