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Biology 3rd Block Room 128 Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher Date: September 14, 2007 Drill How many bond do each of the following make? C,H,O,P,N,S **If you are not sure draw the Lewis dot structure out of how many electrons it is short of having a full shell C=4 H=1 O=2 P=3 N=3 S=2 Living thing elements Organic Chemistry: Chemistry of Carbon Inorganic Chemistry: Everything Else BioChemistry- Chemistry of living things HydroCarbon- Hydrogen + Carbon C4H Methane CH4 CH4 Methane (nonmetal, nonmetal) Covalent bond A) Organic Compounds Something that contains carbon Carbon =4 bonds Hydrogen =1 bonds Oxygen =2 bonds Phosphorus=3 bonds Nitrogen=3 bonds Sulfur=2 bonds (Remember it as CHOPNS) The all make covalent bonds They share electrons Biology 3rd Block Room 128 Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher Hydrocarbons- compounds with carbon & hydrogen only The simplest Hydrocarbon is methane, CH4. This is the simplest member of a series of hydrocarbons. People use it as a derogatory term in phrases like Don't eat that; it's not organic. Of course, there is a precise scientific definition of the word. In science, Organic can be a biological or chemical term. In Biology it means any thing that is living or has lived. The opposite is Non-Organic. In Chemistry, an Organic compound is one containing Carbon atoms. The opposite term is Inorganic. http://www.krysstal.com/organic.html Hydrocarbon Chains: Molecule made of hydrogen and carbon The simplest Organic compounds are made up of only Carbon and Hydrogen atoms only. Even these run into thousands! Compounds of Carbon and Hydrogen only are called Hydrocarbonshttp://www.krysstal.com/organic.html Double Bonds C3H8 Propane - heating fuel. C4H10 Butane - lighter / camping fuel. C-C-C-C CARBON SKELETON Rings Cyclohexane Biology 3rd Block Room 128 Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher ISOMERS: Two molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structure C 4 H8 Butene C4H8 Functional Group a. Group of specific atoms found on a carbon skeleton that react a specific way http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/G/Groups_5.gif C4H8 isomers There are six different isomers of C4H8 , cyclobutane, skew-1-butene, syn-1-butene, cis-2-butene, trans-2butene and isobutene (2-methylpropene). In addition, the three latter have several more or less stable conformers, in which the two methyl groups are rotated in different ways. We have studied all these isomers, Biology 3rd Block Room 128 Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher and also some of the different rotation conformers. Figure A.9 to A.14 shows the most stable configuration of each isomer. http://www.fys.uio.no/~palgo/fag/NOTB/node68.html Hydroxyl –Compound Alcohol Aldehydes Keytones Carbonyl: Carboxylic Acid: Acetic Acid (Vinegar) Amino Acid: Amino acids are natural monomers, and polymerize to form proteins. Glucose monomers can also polymerize to form starches, amilopectins and glycogen polymers. Ethane C2H6 Propane C3H8 Butane C4H10 Major Groups of BioChemicals Monomers 1. Monomer=small organic unit that make up bioichemicals a. Building blocks of polymers i. Carb= monosaccharide ii. Protein=amino acid iii. Lipid= glycerol/fatty acid iv. Nucleic Acid=Nucleotide A monomer is a molecule which acts as a single unit. It may combine with other monomers to form a polymer. The terms, monomer and polymer are used to describe the molecular structure of biological molecules. http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/asguru/biology/02biologicalmolecules/pop_monomers.html Dehydration Synthesis Bond with hydrogen on one side and OH group on the other side Biology 3rd Block Room 128 Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher 3Dehydration Synthesis process of bonding two monomers by removing water Fuse monomers together by removing H2O The monomers of organic compounds join together by a chemical reaction know as dehydration synthesis to make polymers. The reverse reaction of breaking up polymers is accomplished by another chemical reaction known as hydrolysis. The following animation's illustrate these reactions http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html 4. Hydrolysis: b. reverse of dehydration synthesis= c. breaking down of a polymer by adding water Carbohydrates-made of monomers called Monosaccharides o *simple & complex sugars Lots of energy Sugars /simple sugars *fast energy(monomer for carbohydrate) 1. Monosaccrides a. single unit, simple sugars that can be linked (on sugar) b. Monomer for carbohydrates c. Multiples of CH2O (C6H12O6) ( two hydrogen to every carbon & oxygen) d. Couple –OH e. One carbonyl group f. Most end in –ose Biology 3rd Block Room 128 Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher g. (C6H12O6) Isomer (multiple) Glucose http://www.rcs.rome.ga.us/hargett/biology/biochem/molec.htm Furctose Glucose=blood sugar Alpha glucose Beta glucose Biology 3rd Block Room 128 Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher Alpha and beta glucose differ only in the direction that -H and -OH groups point on carbon 1 (labelled). Alpha glucose has an -OH group that points "downwards", away from the ring, whereas the -OH on carbon 1 of beta glucose is in line with the ring. http://www.biotopics.co.uk/as/alphabetaglucose.html Fructose= fruit Galactose= milk Each has same chemical formula --> (C6H12O6) 2. Disaccharide a. 2 monosaccharide joined together by dehydration synthesis A disaccharide is produced by joining 2 monosaccharide (single sugar) units. In this animation, 2 glucose molecules are combined using a condensation reaction, with the removal of water. In maltose, an alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond is formed between opposite sides of the 2 glucose units. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.biotopics.co.uk/as/disaccharideformation2.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.biotopics.co.uk/as/disaccharideformation .html&h=200&w=389&sz=20&tbnid=_TufZJtsmXAJ:&tbnh=61&tbnw=119&hl=en&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3DDisaccharide%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3De n%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN Biology 3rd Block Room 128 Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher Hydrogen are not touched just the OH are removed as water, with an oxygen left over. Break bond *Glucose & Fructose= Sucrose (table sugar) *glucose + glucose = maltose (base) *Glucose & Galactose=Lactose (milk sugar) Some common disaccharides are lactose (milk sugar), maltose and sucrose (common table sugar) * glucose, "blood sugar", the immediate source of energy for cellular respiration * galactose, a sugar in milk (and yogurt), and * fructose, a sugar found in honey. Although all three share the same molecular formula (C6H12O6), the arrangement of atoms differs in each case. Substances such as these three, which have identical molecular formulas but different structural formulas, are known as structural isomers. Glucose, galactose, and fructose are "single" sugars or monosaccharides. Two monosaccharides can be linked together to form a "double" sugar or disaccharide. http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/Carbohydrates.html Polysaccharides-long chains of carbohydrate monomers/Monosaccrides Butane Biology 3rd Block Room 128 Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher In butane there are FOUR atoms of Carbon and TEN atoms of Hydrogen. Alpha Glucose Beta glucose Galactose The difference between them is how they are arranged and how they work! 1. Glycogen –muscle liver (animals) 2. Cellulose –Structural (plants) 3. Starch- Energy Storage (Plants) Cracker lab Biology 3rd Block Room 128 Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher Enzymes –amylase (ase-enzyme)