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Biology 3rd Block Room 128
Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher
Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher
Date: September 14, 2007
Drill
How many bond do each of the following make?
C,H,O,P,N,S
**If you are not sure draw the Lewis dot structure out of how many electrons it is short of having a full shell
C=4
H=1
O=2
P=3
N=3
S=2
Living thing elements
Organic Chemistry: Chemistry of Carbon
Inorganic Chemistry: Everything Else
BioChemistry- Chemistry of living things
HydroCarbon- Hydrogen + Carbon
C4H
Methane CH4 CH4 Methane
(nonmetal, nonmetal) Covalent bond
A)
Organic Compounds


Something that contains carbon
 Carbon =4 bonds
 Hydrogen =1 bonds
 Oxygen =2 bonds
 Phosphorus=3 bonds
 Nitrogen=3 bonds
 Sulfur=2 bonds
(Remember it as CHOPNS)
The all make covalent bonds
They share electrons
Biology 3rd Block Room 128
Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher
Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher
Hydrocarbons- compounds with carbon & hydrogen only
The simplest Hydrocarbon is methane, CH4.
This is the simplest member of a series of hydrocarbons.
People use it as a derogatory term in phrases like Don't eat that; it's not organic. Of course, there is a
precise scientific definition of the word. In science, Organic can be a biological or chemical term. In Biology
it means any thing that is living or has lived. The opposite is Non-Organic. In Chemistry, an Organic
compound is one containing Carbon atoms. The opposite term is Inorganic.
http://www.krysstal.com/organic.html
Hydrocarbon Chains:
Molecule made of hydrogen and carbon
The simplest Organic compounds are made up of only Carbon and Hydrogen atoms only. Even these run into
thousands! Compounds of Carbon and Hydrogen only are called
Hydrocarbonshttp://www.krysstal.com/organic.html
Double Bonds
C3H8 Propane - heating fuel.
C4H10 Butane - lighter / camping fuel.
C-C-C-C CARBON SKELETON
Rings
Cyclohexane
Biology 3rd Block Room 128
Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher
Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher
ISOMERS: Two molecules with the same molecular formula but a
different structure
C 4 H8
Butene
C4H8
Functional Group
a. Group of specific atoms found on a carbon skeleton that react a specific way
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/G/Groups_5.gif
C4H8 isomers
There are six different isomers of C4H8 , cyclobutane, skew-1-butene, syn-1-butene, cis-2-butene, trans-2butene and isobutene (2-methylpropene). In addition, the three latter have several more or less stable
conformers, in which the two methyl groups are rotated in different ways. We have studied all these isomers,
Biology 3rd Block Room 128
Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher
Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher
and also some of the different rotation conformers. Figure A.9 to A.14 shows the most stable configuration of
each isomer. http://www.fys.uio.no/~palgo/fag/NOTB/node68.html
Hydroxyl –Compound Alcohol
Aldehydes
Keytones
Carbonyl:
Carboxylic Acid:
Acetic Acid (Vinegar)
Amino Acid: Amino acids are natural monomers, and polymerize to form proteins. Glucose monomers can
also polymerize to form starches, amilopectins and glycogen polymers.
Ethane C2H6
Propane C3H8
Butane C4H10
Major Groups of BioChemicals
Monomers
1. Monomer=small organic unit that make up bioichemicals
a. Building blocks of polymers
i. Carb= monosaccharide
ii. Protein=amino acid
iii. Lipid= glycerol/fatty acid
iv. Nucleic Acid=Nucleotide
A monomer is a molecule which acts as a single unit. It may combine with other
monomers to form a polymer. The terms, monomer and polymer are used to describe the molecular structure
of biological molecules.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/asguru/biology/02biologicalmolecules/pop_monomers.html
Dehydration Synthesis
Bond with hydrogen on one side and OH group on the other side
Biology 3rd Block Room 128
Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher
Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher
3Dehydration Synthesis


process of bonding two monomers by removing water
Fuse monomers together by removing H2O
The monomers of organic compounds join together by a chemical
reaction know as dehydration synthesis to make polymers. The reverse reaction of breaking up
polymers is accomplished by another chemical reaction known as hydrolysis. The following
animation's illustrate these reactions http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html
4. Hydrolysis:
b. reverse of dehydration synthesis=
c. breaking down of a polymer by adding water
Carbohydrates-made of monomers called Monosaccharides

o *simple & complex sugars Lots of energy Sugars /simple sugars
*fast energy(monomer for carbohydrate)
1. Monosaccrides
a. single unit, simple sugars that can be linked (on sugar)
b. Monomer for carbohydrates
c. Multiples of CH2O (C6H12O6) ( two hydrogen to every carbon & oxygen)
d. Couple –OH
e. One carbonyl group
f. Most end in –ose
Biology 3rd Block Room 128
Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher
Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher
g. (C6H12O6) Isomer (multiple)
Glucose
http://www.rcs.rome.ga.us/hargett/biology/biochem/molec.htm
Furctose
Glucose=blood sugar
Alpha glucose
Beta glucose
Biology 3rd Block Room 128
Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher
Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher
Alpha and beta glucose differ only in the direction that -H and -OH groups point on carbon 1 (labelled).
Alpha glucose has an -OH group that points "downwards", away from the ring, whereas the -OH on carbon 1
of beta glucose is in line with the ring.
http://www.biotopics.co.uk/as/alphabetaglucose.html
Fructose= fruit
Galactose= milk
Each has same chemical formula --> (C6H12O6)
2. Disaccharide
a. 2 monosaccharide joined together by dehydration synthesis
A disaccharide is produced by joining 2 monosaccharide (single sugar) units.
In this animation, 2 glucose molecules are combined using a condensation reaction, with the removal of
water.
In maltose, an alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond is formed between opposite sides of the 2 glucose units.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.biotopics.co.uk/as/disaccharideformation2.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.biotopics.co.uk/as/disaccharideformation
.html&h=200&w=389&sz=20&tbnid=_TufZJtsmXAJ:&tbnh=61&tbnw=119&hl=en&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3DDisaccharide%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3De
n%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN
Biology 3rd Block Room 128
Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher
Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher
Hydrogen are not touched just the OH are removed as water, with an oxygen left over.
Break bond
*Glucose & Fructose= Sucrose (table sugar)
*glucose + glucose = maltose (base)
*Glucose & Galactose=Lactose (milk sugar)
Some common disaccharides are lactose (milk sugar), maltose and sucrose (common
table sugar)
*
glucose, "blood sugar", the immediate source of energy for cellular respiration
*
galactose, a sugar in milk (and yogurt), and
*
fructose, a sugar found in honey.
Although all three share the same molecular formula (C6H12O6), the arrangement of atoms differs in each
case. Substances such as these three, which have identical molecular formulas but different structural
formulas, are known as structural isomers.

Glucose, galactose, and fructose are "single" sugars or monosaccharides. Two monosaccharides
can be linked together to form a "double" sugar or disaccharide.
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/Carbohydrates.html
Polysaccharides-long chains of carbohydrate monomers/Monosaccrides
Butane
Biology 3rd Block Room 128
Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher
Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher
In butane there are FOUR atoms of Carbon and TEN atoms of Hydrogen.
Alpha Glucose
Beta glucose
Galactose
The difference between them is how they are arranged and how they work!
1. Glycogen –muscle liver (animals)
2. Cellulose –Structural (plants)
3. Starch- Energy Storage (Plants)
Cracker lab
Biology 3rd Block Room 128
Mr. R. Bair Biology Teacher
Mrs. MV Smith Resource Teacher
Enzymes –amylase (ase-enzyme)