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Environmental Science What is Ecology? Questions: What is ecology? What is the difference between biotic and abiotic factors? What are adaptations and how do they help an organism? • Ecology - the study of all living things and their environment – Ecologists • Parts of the ecosystem – Biotic – living – Abiotic – nonliving (scientists use these to characterize an area no what lives there) Levels of Organization Questions: Explain the differences in the levels of ecological organization. • Biosphere – The area of earth where life is found • Ecosystem – ALL living and nonliving elements in an area • Community – All the living organism in an area that are adapted to live in that area • Population – A group of organisms of the same species that have the ability to reproduce • Organism – a single living thing in an ecosystem Movement of Energy in Organisms Questions: What is the difference between a food chain and a food web? • Food Chains – show one path of energy transfer • Food Web – shows the energy transfer paths SC.912.L.17.9 Use a food web to identify producers, consumers, and decomposers. Explain the pathway of energy transfer through trophic levels and the reduction of available energy at successive trophic levels . Organisms Questions: What are the different types of organisms in a food chain? • Herbivore – eats plants • Carnivore – eats animals • Omnivore – eats plants and animals • Scavengers – eat dead organisms • Decomposers – microscopic eaters of dead organism SC.912.L.17.9 Use a food web to identify producers, consumers, and decomposers. Explain the pathway of energy transfer through trophic levels and the reduction of available energy at successive trophic levels . Food Chain Food Web Ecological Pyramid 10% of energy goes to the next level The rest is used for life functions or given off as heat Water Cycle Questions: How does the water cycle move matter throughout the ecosystem? • The movement of water from the ground to the atmosphere and back again • Water gets to the atmosphere by evaporation and transpiration and sublimation • Water leaves the atmosphere by condensation and precipitation Carbon Dioxide – Oxygen Cycle Questions: Explain the Carbon dioxide oxygen cycle and its importance to all living things. • Plants remove CO2 from the atmosphere for photosynthesis and release O2 – Changes solar energy into chemical energy • Animals remove O2 from the atmosphere for cellular respiration and release CO2 – Convert chemical energy in plants to usable energy Nitrogen Cycle Questions: What is the difference between nitrogen fixing bacteria and denitrifying bacteria and why are they important? • Nitrogen fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms – On the roots of plants and in the soil • Denitrifying bacteria change different forms of nitrogen back into atmospheric nitrogen Summary • What is ecology and why is it important to study? • Compare and contrast the levels of ecological organization. • What are the difference between a food chain and a food web? • What are the types of living organism in an ecosystem and what do they eat? • What are ecological pyramids and what do they show? • Explain the water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles and explain why they are important? Climates Questions: What is climate? How does climate vary on earth and what is the effect on living organisms? • A climate is the average temperature and precipitation conditions that exists in an area • Include: – Polar area – always cold – Temperate area – have large variations in temperature and precipitation depending on distance from equator – Deserts – receive little precipitation – Tropical – always hot – Mountains – get colder with altitude and it usually is wet one side and dry on the other with snow at the top – Water – Varies with depth and location on planet SC.912.L.17.2 Explain the general distribution of life in aquatic systems as a function of chemistry, geography, light, depth, salinity, and temperature. Effects of season and climate on an ecosystem Questions: How do climate changes effect organisms? Give examples. How do seasons and climate changes differ in their effects on a ecosystem? • Climate change – effect over long periods of time • If it is a seasonal change effects for a short period of time – Fur changes – thickness and color – Hibernation/migration – Leaves changing colors – Dormancy SC.912.L.17.4 Describe changes in ecosystems resulting from seasonal variations, climate change, and succession SC.912.L.17.8 Recognize the consequences of loss of biodiversity due to catastrophic events, climate changes, human activity, and the introduction of invasive non-native species. Other changes in the ecosystem Questions: What are some examples of changes in the ecosystem and what are their results? • Changes can be abiotic: – Temperature, salinity, oxygen levels • Changes can be biotic: – Changes in the types of organisms that live in the area – Removal or introduction or a species effects the entire food chain – Numbers can be influenced by disease, food, water, shelter, populations, weather, etc. SC.912.L.17.4 Describe changes in ecosystems resulting from seasonal variations, climate change, and succession SC.912.L.17.8 Recognize the consequences of loss of biodiversity due to catastrophic events, climate changes, human activity, and the introduction of invasive non-native species. Organisms must adapt to survive Questions: What are adaptations and what are their effects on organisms? • Adaptations - physical characteristics or behaviors that organisms have in order to survive Succession Questions: What is succession and how does it impact an ecosystem? • Succession - a gradual repopulation of a community over a period of time. – Primary – starts with no soil – Secondary – starts with soil SC.912.L.17.4 Describe changes in ecosystems resulting from seasonal variations, climate change, and succession SC.912.L.17.8 Recognize the consequences of loss of biodiversity due to catastrophic events, climate changes, human activity, and the introduction of invasive non-native species. Ecological Succession Summary • How are climates different around the world? • How do climates effect an ecosystem? • How do things like seasons and climate changes effect an ecosystem? • What are adaptations and why are they important? • What are the two types of succession and how to thy differ? Populations Questions: Explain how different factors affect the size of a population and how the size of the population effects the health of an excosystem. • The number of each type of species in an area • Affected by many things including – Birth rates – Death rates – Immigration – Emigration – Limiting factors SC.912.L.17.5 Analyze how population size is determined by births, deaths, immigration, emigration, and limiting factors (biotic and abiotic) that determine carrying capacity. Limiting Factors Questions: • Anything in nature that affects the carrying capacity of an area • Examples – Water – Food – Shelter – Mates SC.912.L.17.4 Describe changes in ecosystems resulting from seasonal variations, climate change, and succession SC.912.L.17.8 Recognize the consequences of loss of biodiversity due to catastrophic events, climate changes, human activity, and the introduction of invasive non-native species. Relationships and Interactions Questions: What types of relationships exists in an ecosystem and how does it impact an ecosystem? • There are many relationships that exists for survival – Predator-prey – Mutualism – Parasitism – Commensalism • An introduction of a nonnative species can destroy an ecosystem SC.912.L.17.8 Recognize the consequences of loss of biodiversity due to catastrophic events, climate changes, human activity, and the introduction of invasive non-native species. Biodiversity Questions: What is biodiversity and how does it reflect the health of an ecosystem? • The amount of different organisms in an ecosystem. • The higher the diversity the healthier the ecosystem Renewable verses Nonrenewable Resources Questions: What are natural resources? What is the difference between renewable and nonrenewable resources and what are the pros and cons • Natural resources are materials found in the nature that are useful or necessary for living things • Types – Renewable - plants, animals, water, wind, sun – Nonrenewable – fossil fuels of each? SC.912.L.17.11 Evaluate the cost and benefits of renewable and nonrenewable resources, such a water, energy, fossil fuels, wildlife and forests SC.912.L.17.13 Discuss the need for adequate monitoring of environmental parameters when making policies and decisions SC.912.L.17.20 Predict the impact of individuals on environmental systems and examine how lifestyles affect sustainability . Human Effects on the Ecosystem Questions: What effects are humans having on the health of the ecosystem? • • • • • Air pollution Land pollution Water pollution Ozone depletion Greenhouse effect – Causes global warming SC.912.L.17.11 Evaluate the cost and benefits of renewable and nonrenewable resources, such a water, energy, fossil fuels, wildlife and forests SC.912.L.17.13 Discuss the need for adequate monitoring of environmental parameters when making policies and decisions SC.912.L.17.20 Predict the impact of individuals on environmental systems and examine how lifestyles affect sustainability . Effects of Chemicals