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Chapter 2 Europe Looks Outward Section 1 Objectives • Identify the goals of Christopher Columbus. • Explain the consequences of his journey to the Americas. • Analyze the effects of European contact with the people of the Americas. Terms and People • Bartolomeu Dias – Portuguese mariner who sailed around southern Africa in 1487 • Vasco da Gama – Portuguese mariner who sailed around southern Africa to India in 1498 • Christopher Columbus – Italian mariner sailing for Spain who in 1492 sailed west to reach Asia but reached the islands of the Caribbean instead • John Cabot – Genoese mariner employed by the English who sailed to Newfoundland in 1497 Terms and People (continued) • Pedro Alvarez Cabral – Portuguese mariner who reached the coast of Brazil in 1500 • Amerigo Vespucci − Genoese mariner who explored South America’s coast in 1501; Europeans mapmakers called the new continents America, a variant of his name • Ferdinand Magellan − mariner whose 1519−1522 expedition succeeded in encircling the globe • conquistador − Spanish soldier who explored and conquered central Mexico Terms and People (continued) • Hernán Cortés − conquistador who invaded present-day Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztecs • Moctezuma − Aztec ruler • Columbian Exchange − the global exchange of plants, animals, ideas, and diseases between Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas after Columbus made his first transatlantic voyage in 1492 How did European exploration affect the Americas? With the goal of reaching Asia, European sailors continued their journeys of exploration. In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas, planning to conquer the land, exploit its wealth, and convert its people to Christianity– a pattern followed by later explorers. In the 1400s, the Portuguese sought a route to India, the East Indies, and China. Bartolomeu Dias • In 1487, Dias used the winds of the South Atlantic to get around the southern tip of Africa. Vasco da Gama • In 1498, da Gama exploited Dias’s discovery to reach India, opening an enormously profitable trade route. The Portuguese dominated the trade routes south and east around Africa. By default, the Spanish looked westward into the open Atlantic. • The Spanish hoped to find islands in the west that they could exploit. • They also hoped that, by leaping from one set of islands to another, explorers could one day reach the coveted coast of China. The Italian mariner Christopher Columbus had heard stories about mysterious lands to the west. Columbus was determined to make a westward voyage in search of China. He hoped to convert the Chinese to Christianity and use their wealth to begin a new crusade against Islam. Funded by Spain, in 1492 Columbus reached the Bahamas, which he claimed for Spain. In all, Columbus made four voyages to what he thought was the East Indies, near Asia. He used force to conquer Native Americans on the islands. Columbus had not reached Asia, but he had found a land that would bring riches and power to European Christendom—at the expense of Native Americans and African slaves. Columbus’s Voyages, 1492-1504 In 1494, Spain and Portugal negotiated the Treaty of Tordesillas. • The treaty drew a boundary line through the midAtlantic, giving the Spanish lands west of the line and the Portuguese lands east of the line. • Other European kings refused to honor the treaty. • No one bothered to consult the Native Americans. Other explorers soon confirmed that, by sailing west, Columbus had reached the shores of two continents previously unknown to Europeans. • John Cabot sailed to Newfoundland in 1497. • Pedro Alvarez Cabral reached the coast of Brazil in 1500. • Amerigo Vespucci explored South America’s coast in 1501. • The crew of Ferdinand Magellan finished circling the globe in 1522. Conquistadors extended Spain’s empire in the Americas, treating Native Americans brutally in the process. • The Spanish killed or enslaved thousands of Native Americans. • Many were forced to convert to Christianity. • The Spanish destroyed their cities, stole their gold, and exploited their natural resources. With steel-edged swords, guns, and horses, the conquistadors destroyed native civilizations. Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztecs. Francisco Pizarro defeated the Incas. Even more deadly than brutal attacks, however, was disease. Europeans unknowingly transmitted new diseases to native populations. With no natural defenses, huge numbers of Native Americans died. As Native American populations fell, the Spanish turned to African slaves for the labor they needed to build their growing colonies. Europeans who came to the Americas in the 1400s began the Columbian Exchange. • Colonists brought European plants and animals to the Americas. • This affected Native Americans in both positive and negative ways, but they adapted. • People in Europe increased their yields by growing plants from the Americas. The Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange helped trigger enormous population shifts around the world. European Population Growth • Large harvests aided by new American crops caused the European population to grow from 80 million in 1492 to 180 million by 1800. Native American Population Decline • The Native American proportion of the global population collapsed from 7 percent in 1492 to less than 1 percent in 1800. Section 2 Objectives • Explain Spanish explorers’ achievements. • Describe Spanish society in New Spain and Peru. • Evaluate the causes and effects of Spanish imperial policies in the American Southwest. Terms and People • missionaries – people who work to convert others to their religion • presidio – Spanish fort located near Spanish mission • viceroy – ruler of a section of the Spanish empire in the Americas, appointed by the Spanish king • mestizo – child of mixed Spanish and Indian ancestry • mission – a location for missionary work How did Spain strengthen its colonies in the Americas? In the 1500s, Spain gained control of lands rich in gold and silver in the Caribbean and North and South America. Soon other European nations vied for territory to build colonies in the Americas. Europeans Explore the Americas, 1497–1682 Divisions among European nations caused conflict. Wealth • • Using the wealth from its colonies, Spain began an aggressive military policy in Europe. The Dutch, French, and English sought their own riches. Religion • Religious differences between Catholic and Protestants split Europe. • Southern Europe remained Catholic and Northern Europe, including England, became Protestant. The conflict was carried to the new colonies in the Americas. To protect its colonies, Spain organized its territory in the Americas into two viceroyalties or sections. • New Spain: Present-day Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean • Peru: All of present-day South America except for Brazil The Spanish king appointed viceroys to rule New Spain and Peru. The viceroys shared power with a Crownappointed council and the Catholic archbishop. • Spain did not permit elected assemblies in their colonies. Spain also sent conquistadors in the 1500s to North America to claim land that became part of the viceroyalty of New Spain. Conquistador North American Area Explored Hernando DeSoto Present-day Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas Francisco Vásquez de Coronado Present-day Rio Grande valley, Kansas Pedro Menendez de Avilés Destroyed French base in Florida, established St. Augustine The Spanish built a fort at San Luis, the western capital of the Spanish colonies in Florida. To control the people in the colonies, the Spaniards developed a system of racial hierarchy or racial levels, known as castas. The main social levels were: Viceroy and nobility Spaniards and other Europeans Enslaved Africans and Indians Characteristics of a Spanish Colony • Catholic friars established missions in each colony. • Spanish soldiers built forts near the missions. • The friars made Indians worship as Catholics and prevented the Indians from using their traditional katsina figures in worship. • Indians had to work for the friars and Spanish settlers, build churches, and adopt Spanish ways. Conditions between the Spanish and the Indians worsened in the 1600s. The friars used Spanish soldiers to frighten the Indians into adopting Spanish ways. Many Indians died from diseases they got from the Spanish. In the Spanish colony of New Mexico, 23,000 Pueblo died between 1638 and 1660. Fed up with Spanish rule, the Pueblo revolted against the Spanish and destroyed and plundered missions, farms, and ranches. A Pueblo leader, Popé, led the revolt. Spanish settlers and missionaries fled to the southern section of present-day New Mexico. Popé was a Pueblo shaman, or spiritual leader, in New Mexico. Because he encouraged the Pueblo to follow the old ways, he was publicly whipped by the Spanish. Popé convinced the Apaches to join him in revolt. In 1680, they defeated the Spanish. For twelve years, Popé governed the Pueblo. Sometime before 1690 Popé died. Within three years, the Spanish reclaimed New Mexico. The bloody conflict between the Pueblo and Spanish taught each side to compromise. Pueblo accepted Spanish authority Spanish practiced greater restrain toward Pueblo They worked together against warring Indian tribes. Section 3 Objectives: Describe how the colonists of New France supported themselves Compare and contrast the colonies of New France and New Spain Conflicts in Europe By 1530 Denmark, Sweden, and many other countries in Northern Europe had split with the Catholic Church. These Countries set up Protestant Churches in the manner of Martin Luther after the Protestant Reformation. In other European countries the enfluence of John Calvin, a Swiss thinker and writer set the course for the Protestant Churches in France, Switzerland, Netherlands and Scotland. In England, after King Henry VIII failed to get a divorce from the Catholic Church after Queen Catherine of Aragon failed to have a son, he set up the Church of England. Another Protestant Church with the King as it’s leader. Economic Conflicts The Protestant Reformation made the existing rivalries in Europe flare and wars became common over religious and trade issues. Each country felt that it could not depend on its neighbors for trade and security. Almost every European country sought gold to pay for its wars and help strengthen its armies for self defense. Each country sought to establish colonies in Asia and the New World to have gold and other goods returned to the parent country. The Spanish required one fifth (1/5) of all gold that was found in their territories sent to the King. This was part of the system of mercantilism which stated that the colonies of the home country existed to make the parent country wealthy. English and Spanish Collide When Henry the 8th died he was succeeded by his son Edward who son died as well. The throne then passed down to Mary I, who began to make plans to restore the Roman Catholic Church in England. Mary I dies in 1558 leaving her plans to restore Catholicism to England unfinished. Her Sister, Queen Elizabeth I a staunch Protestant, soon brought the rivalry with Spain back to life. King Phillip II of Spain hoped to make England a Catholic country again even though English raids on Spanish ships were causing a massive strain on the relationship. In addition, the English were also assisting the rebels in the Spanish province of Holland to win independence. In hopes to force Queen Elizabeth from the throne King Phillip of Spain assembled a fleet of 130 warships known as the Spanish Armada. The Spanish Armada was met by the English off of the coast of France and sank up to half of the Spanish fleet. The defeat of the Spanish Armada weakened Spain and allowed the English to become the dominate Sea power of Europe. The defeat also allowed England and France to start colonies in the Americas as well. The Northwest Passage John Cabot, another Italian explorer thought that a northern rout to Asia would be shorter and easier than Columbus’s southern rout. When both Spain and Portugal turned Cabot down, he turned to England, who had finally began to be interested in the new world, to finance his trip. In 1497 John Cabot and his men sailed from England to explore North America. He explored the shores of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Labrador and gave fishing rights to the English. On a second voyage, in 1498 Cabot may have explored the North American coast as far as Chesapeake Bay. England claimed the whole east coast of North America because they claimed that Cabot was the first to reach the North American mainland. Soon England, France and Holland financed expeditions to explore North America. The early exploration of North America was centered on finding a northwest passage, a sea route from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans that passed though or around North America. Giovanni da Verrazano In 1524 Verrazano explored the New World for France. He searched for a route to the Indies through the continent. Verrazano sailed up and down the East Coast of America looking for a passage that would take him further west. He could not find one so he returned to France after finding the mouth of the Hudson River and New York Bay. Jacques Cartier Cartier led three expeditions to Canada in 1534, 1535, and 1541. In 1534 Cartier tried to find a sea passage to the East Indies through North America. He could not find a river that would take ships west from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. The Huron-Iroquois give him directions which led to the discovery of the St. Lawrence River. The St. Lawrence River ended much sooner than Cartier expected. It ended on a high hill which Cartier named Mont Real or King's Mountain in honor of the King of France. Mont Real later became Montreal. Cartier named the area New France and claimed it in the name of the King of France. This discovery opened Canada for Europeans wanting to settle in North America. Cartier took colonists to Cape Rouge near Quebec. The colony was a failure. Henry Hudson Hudson, Henry, fl. 1607–11, English navigator and explorer. He was hired (1607) by the English Muscovy Company to find the Northwest Passage to Asia. He failed, and another attempt (1608) to find a new route was also fruitless. Engaged (1609) for the same purpose by the Dutch East India Company, he sailed in the Half Moon to Spitsbergen, where extreme ice and cold brought his crew near mutiny. Hudson, determined not to lose his reputation as an explorer, disregarded his instructions and sailed westward hoping to find the Northwest Passage. He entered Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Bay, and later New York Bay. He was the first European to ascend (1609) the Hudson River (named for him), nearly to present-day Albany. His voyage gave the Dutch their claim to the region. His fourth expedition (1610), financed by English adventurers, started from England. Again he sailed westward, hoping to find the Northwest Passage. Between Greenland and Labrador he entered Hudson Strait and by it reached Hudson Bay. After weeks of exploration, he was forced by ice to winter there. By the next summer (1611) his starved and diseased crew mutinied and set Hudson, with his son and seven men, adrift in a small boat, without food or water. He was never seen again. His discoveries, however, gave England its claim to the Hudson Bay region. Section 4 Objectives • Explain how the fur trade affected the French and the Indians in North America. • Explain how and why Quebec was founded. • Describe the French expansion in Louisiana. Terms and People • Northwest Passage – a supposed water route to Asia through the cold waters of present-day Canada • Quebec – first permanent European settlement in Canada • Samuel de Champlain – Quebec’s founder • coureurs de bois – French fur traders who married Indian women • metis – children of French and Indian marriages How did France’s American colonies differ from Spain’s American colonies? Seeing Spain’s wealth from its American colonies, other European nations established colonies in the Americas. France established trading settlements in present-day Canada, along the St. Lawrence River, and in what is now Louisiana. French explorers sought a Northwest Passage to Asia. The French king claimed many of the lands they explored in their quest. Explorers for France Area explored Giovanni da Verrazano From present-day North Carolina to Maine Jacques Cartier St. Lawrence River area Robert de LaSalle Mississippi basin Louis Joliet and Father Jacques Marquette Great Lakes, Mississippi basin Fur traders and Jesuit missionaries settled France’s colonies in what is now Canada. Commerce was the dominant activity in the French colonies. Fur was scarce in Europe and the French traded with the Indians for valuable beaver pelts. The French sold the beaver pelts for high prices in Europe. American Indians had never developed metal or iron items, and they eagerly traded fur pelts for anything metal. In exchange for the fur, the Indians got metal items such as arrowheads, axes, knives, hatches, and kettles. Indians trap beaver pelts Indians trade fur to French Indians get metal items French sell fur in Europe Characteristics of a French Colony • The French took little land because they were mostly fur traders and fishermen, not farmers. • The French did not enslave Indians because they traded with Indians for beaver pelts. • French fur traders married Indian women and raised families. • The French king appointed a military governorgeneral to govern colony. The king did not permit an elected assembly. The market relationship between the French and Indians eventually caused conflicts. Because Indians hunted for a foreign market, rather than their own subsistence, they invaded hunting territories of other Indian groups. Warfare broke out. The Indians who had metal weapons won the wars. Soon all Indian groups wanted to trade with the French for metal weapons. Warfare also broke out among French fur traders as they competed to get more fur to sell in Europe. Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec on the St. Lawrence River in 1608 for protection. Quebec was the first permanent European settlement in Canada. In 1609, Champlain waged war against the Iroquois, the foes of the Indians who traded fur with him. Having metal weapons, the French won the battle, but the Iroquois raided French settlements for decades and adopted metal weaponry. Not until 1701 did the French and their Indian allies defeat the Iroquois and bring peace to their colonies. Guided by Indians, Robert de LaSalle sailed south on the Mississippi looking for the Northwest Passage in 1682. Instead, he discovered the Gulf of Mexico and the Mississippi River basin. He claimed the area for France and named it Louisiana, after King Louis XIV. In 1718, the French founded New Orleans at the mouth of the Mississippi River. Strengths of New Orleans • Became France’s leading seaport and largest town in Americas. • Located at tip of Louisiana, it was a valuable military base that protected French control of Mississippi watershed. Weaknesses of New Orleans • Economy provided only trading with Indians or growing poor quality tobacco. • Swampy landscape and hot climate promoted deadly diseases such as dysentery and malaria, and many colonists died. The French became allies with Indian groups in the Louisiana district. This helped them stop English expansions into the west and south. The French formed alliances with Indian groups throughout its colonies. New Netherland The Dutch claim to this territory derived from their sponsorship of Henry Hudson’s voyages of exploration. In 1621, the Dutch government chartered the West India Company with the goal both of bringing order to economic activity in New Netherland and of challenging Spanish influence in the New World. Colonists arrived in New Netherland from all over Europe. Many fled religious persecution, war, or natural disaster. Others were lured by the promise of fertile farmland, vast forests, and a lucrative trade in fur. Initially, beaver pelts purchased from local Indians were the colony’s primary source of wealth. In Europe, these pelts were used to produce fashionable men’s hats. Fort Orange (Dutch: Fort Orangie) was the first permanent Dutch settlement in New Netherland; the present-day city of Albany, New York developed at this site. New Amsterdam (Dutch: NieuwAmsterdam) was a 17th-century Dutch settlement established at the southern tip of Manhattan Island, which served as the seat of the colonial government in New Netherland territory. The trading post became a settlement outside of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island in the New Netherland in 1614. New Amsterdam was renamed New York on September 8, 1664, in honor of the then Duke of York (later James II of England), in whose name the English had captured it. Dutch success produced many rivals, the English chief among them. Between 1652 and 1674, the two nations fought three wars. As a consequence of these wars, New Netherland came under British control in 1664.