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Endocrine System • Comprised of glands and other tissues that produce hormones Endocrine System • Hormones – chemicals produced in response to specific stimuli that stimulate reactions in specific body organs and tissues – released directly into the bloodstream, interact with receptors causing the target tissue to perform a specific function Endocrine System • Hypothalamus – Regulates and coordinates many endocrine organs by regulating the release of hormones from the pituitary gland – Regulates body temperature, appetite, and thirst Hormones of the Hypothalmus • Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH): increases water absorption into the blood by the kidneys • Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH): triggers the release of corticosteroids, which help regulate metabolism and immune response • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): stimulates the release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which work together to ensure normal functioning of the ovaries and testes Hormones of the Hypothalmus • Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) or growth hormoneinhibiting hormone (GHIH): triggers the release of growth hormone (GH); GHIH has the opposite effect . GH is essential to maintaining a healthy body composition (bone, muscle growth) • Oxytocin: aids with: ability to trust, body temperature, sleep cycles, and lactation • Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) or prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH): prompts the production of prolactin for milk production. PIH inhibits prolactin • Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH): triggers the release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates release of thyroid hormones regulate metabolism, energy, and growth and development Endocrine System • Pituitary – Anterior pituitary – Posterior pituitary • Important roles in regulating growth, metabolism, reproduction, lactation, and water balance Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands to produce hormones • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): FSH works with LH to ensure normal functioning of the ovaries and testes • Growth hormone (GH): GH is essential in early years to maintaining a healthy body composition and for growth in children. In adults, it aids healthy bone and muscle mass and affects fat distribution • Luteinizing hormone (LH): LH works with FSH to ensure normal functioning of the ovaries and testes • Prolactin: Prolactin stimulates breast milk production • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce hormones. Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary • Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH): prompts the kidneys to increase water absorption in the blood • Oxytocin: contracting the uterus during childbirth, milk production, trust Endocrine System • Thyroid gland – Thyroxine • Regulates metabolism, and calcitonin – Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels when high by inhibiting osetoclasts • Parathyroid gland – Parathyroid hormone • Raises blood calcium levels when low by stimulating osteoclasts Endocrine System • Adrenal glands – Located on top of kidneys – Adrenal cortex produces cortisol and sex hormones – The adrenal medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine Endocrine System • Pancreas – Produce bicarbonate (buffer) and digestive enzymes – Insulin • Keeps glucose concentrations from getting too high – Glucagon • Triggers release of glucose when concentrations are low Endocrine System • Ovaries – Produce estrogens, progesterone – Prepare the reproductive tract for pregnancy and are also responsible for female sexual behavior and mammary gland development • Testes – Produce testosterone and estrogens – Involved in sperm production and maturation as well as the secondary sex characteristics of males