Download 7.2 The Punic Wars

Ch. 5 Rome
World History
Italy• 750 miles, NS
• Average of 120
miles EW
• Apennine Mnts. –
– range splits Italy
down the middle
• 3 major river plains
– The Po River valley
• -in the north
– The Plain of Latium
• -where Rome is
located
– Campania
• – South of Latium
Rome’s Geography
• Built in-land
• Protection from pirates and on
Tiber river
• Farm land=large population
• 7 Hills of Rome
• Apennines- don’t divide people
• Alps rugged, but have passes
• Peninsula
Early People
• Latins
• Greeks pass on alphabet
• Etruscans
– Drain marshes
– Founded city of Rome
– Have Kings
• Romans overthrow Etruscans
The People of
Italy
• people first entered
Italy (1500-1000BC)
• Latins
– located in Latium
– they were herders
and farmers
– lived in settlements
on the tops of Rome’s
Hills
• After 800BC:
• two new groups
settled in Italy
– Greeks and Etruscans
Roman Republic
• Some citizens can vote
• Why were the Romans so
successful? P.148
What made Rome a
success?
• Good diplomats- citizens and
allies
• Persistent, skilled army and
strategists
• Developed political institutions
as they went along rather than
a having a “master plan”
Patricians
• Wealthy land owners
• Small % of population
Plebians
• Less wealthy landowners,
farmers, artisans, and
merchants
• Both groups pay taxes, vote
and serve in military
* Only Patricians can hold office
The Early Roman Republic
Executive
Branch
2 Consuls
-Elected yearly
-Lead Republic
-Lead into battle
Praetor
-Civil Matters
Legislative
Branch
300 Senators
-Advise rulers
-Force of Law
-Patricians elected
for life
Tribunes protect
Plebeians
Assemblies
-Dominated by
rich patricians
-Centuriate
Assembly
*Most Important
•Passed Laws
•Elected Officials
-Council of
Plebs
Roman Law
• 12 Tables- worked for small
society (FIRST)
• Law of Nations (LATER)
developed for new conquered
areas
– Used natural law and reason
– Standards of justice- innocent until
proven guilty, defending yourself,
weighing evidence
Causes of the 1st Punic
War
1.)Carthage becomes a commercial power
2.)Both were aggressive
3.)Both were expansionistic
4.)Carthage feared take over of Sicily
5.)Rome feared Carthage would close the
Adriatic Sea and the Strait of Messina
Results of the 1st Punic
War
1.) Carthage asks for peace
2.) Had to pay an indemnity (money
for damages caused)
3.) Carthage must give up control of
Sicily
Causes of the 2nd Punic
War
1.)Hannibal (from Carthage) uses infantry,
cavalry and war elephants to cross the Alps
and invade Italy
 Hannibal fights in southern Italy
 Roman allies remain loyal
 Romans invade Africa and threaten Carthage
 Roman General Scipio defeats Hannibal in
Battle of Zama
Results of 2nd Punic
War
1.) Carthage Asks for Peace and Pays
Indemnity
2.) Carthage loses Spanish Colonies
3.) Carthage loses power- Rome most
powerful in Western Mediterranean
4.) Macedonia who had allied itself with
Carthage is now on Rome’s “bad side”
Causes of 3rd Punic
War
1.) Romans hate Carthaginians even
though they are no longer a threat
2.) Senate Votes to Destroy Carthage
Results of 3rd Punic
War
Carthage is destroyed!
Growing Power of the
Senate
• Aristocrats gain more and
more land and use slave labor
• Small farmers are driven out
Reformers
• Gaius and Tiberius Gracchus
– Want land reform and to give
land back to farmers
– Both brothers are killed- starts
cycle of violence
Military Changes
• Marius- General- recruits his
volunteer army- are loyal to
him
• Lucius Cornelius Sulla- does
the same and marches his
troops on Rome= Civil War
The 1st Triumvirate
• Rule of 3- Crassus, Pompey, &
Julius Caesar
• Caesar eventually takes control
as a dictator
Julius Caesar
• Land to the poor
• Enlarged Senate
• Citizenship to his allies
• Fearing continued rule as a
dictatorship Caesar is
assassinated
The 2nd Triumvirate
• Octavian, Marc Antony, and
Lepidus
• Octavian and Antony split
empire
• Antony takes east Octavian
takes West
• Octavian wins civil war=
signals end of republic
Age of Augustus
• Octavian given title of
Augustus “the revered one” &
“imperator” ( 1st emperor)
– Army made up of legions,
auxiliary, & the Praetorian Guard
to guard the emperor
– Sets up a system to chose a
successor through family lines
Early Empire
• Emperors are corrupt and
power hungry
– Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and
Nero
The “Good Emperors”
• Rule during the 200 yr. Pax
Romana- period of peace and
prosperity
– Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus
Pius, and Marcus Aurelius
Problems With Roman
Expansion
• Government
– Greedy nobles
– Corruption
– No extension of citizenship
• Agriculture
– Latifundia w/ slaves(plantations)
– Small farmers squeezed out
Class Changes
• Equites- business and land owners- get
wealth and power from trading, public
works contracts, war looting
• New slaves from conquered territories are
treated poorly
• Slave Revolts- Spartacus leads revolt of
70,000 slaves