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Body Structures & Functions Heart & Circulatory System Chapter 13 & 14 Heart Outline Name: _____________________________________ Date: _______________ Class: ________________ Functions of the Circulatory System The heart is the _________________ that circulates blood Arteries, veins, and capillaries transport the blood Blood carries oxygen and _____________ to the cells and carries waste products away Lymph system functions Major Blood Circuits Blood leaves the heart through _______________ and returns by _____________ Blood circulation routes General or system circulation Cardiopulmonary _______________ Changes in the composition of circulating blood The Heart About the size of a closed ________________ Weighs about 1 pound Located in the thoracic cavity; the _______________ of the heart lies on the diaphragm and points to the left of the body Draw the Heart------------------------------------- After 4 to 5 minutes without blood flow, brain cells are irreversibly damaged Can hear the heartbeat through a stethoscope Cardiac arrest Cardiopulmonary ___________________ (CPR) Structure of the Heart Hollow, _______________, double pump Body Structures & Functions Heart & Circulatory System Chapter 13 & 14 Pericardium and pericardial fluid Myocardium Cardiac muscle tissue Endocardium _________________ and inferior vena cava Coronary sinus Pulmonary _________________ Pulmonary veins Aorta Chambers and Valves Separated into right and left _____________ by the septum; then each half separated into an upper and lower chamber Upper chambers Left and _______________ atria Lower chambers Left and right ventricles Valves keep blood ___________________ in one direction Valves Atrioventricular valves Tricuspid valve Bicuspid or ________________ valve Semilunar valves Pulmonary semilunar valve Aortic semilunar valve Physiology of the Heart Double pump Body Structures & Functions Heart & Circulatory System Chapter 13 & 14 Right heart ___________________ blood Left heart Oxygenated ___________________ Heart Rate and Cardiac Output Normal adult rate is between 72 and 80 beats per minute Stroke volume Calculating the ______________ output Exercise increases cardiac output Heart Sounds Valves make sounds when they close Called lubb dupp ______________ Lubb Tricuspid and bicuspid valves (S1) Dupp Aortic and pulmonary valves (S2) Conduction System Electrical impulses cause rhythmic beating of the heart ____________________ (SA) node or pacemaker Atrioventricular (AV) node _________________ of His Purkinje fibers ECG or EKG The electrocardiogram is a device to ________________ the electrical activity of the heart Systole Contraction Diastole Relaxation Body Structures & Functions Heart & Circulatory System Chapter 13 & 14 Positive and negative deflection P, QRS, and T waves Prevention of Heart Disease Heart ____________________ is the leading cause of death Coronary heart disease Risk factors Steps to lower risk or prevent heart disease Blood cholesterol levels and triglycerides Diagnostic Tests – Noninvasive __________________ Cardiac MRI Coronary calcium scoring/heart scan ____________________ Electrocardiogram Exercise stress tests Holter monitor MUGA (multiple gated acquisition scan) Diagnostic Tests – Invasive Cardiac ________________ IVUS (intravascular coronary ultrasound) Diagnostic Tests – Blood Tests Arterial blood gases BNP Lipid panel C-reactive protein Cardiac Troponin T Effects of Aging ____________ muscle fibers replaced by fibrous tissue Body Structures & Functions Heart & Circulatory System Chapter 13 & 14 Heart valves increase in thickness Cardiac output decreases Changes become more significant when elderly person becomes physically or mentally stressed Diseases of the Heart –Common Symptoms Arrhythmia Bradycardia ________________ Murmurs Mitral valve prolapse Diseases of the Coronary Artery Coronary artery disease (CAD) Angina pectoris Myocardial infarction Infectious Diseases of the Heart _____________________ Myocarditis Endocarditis Rheumatic heart disease Heart Failure When the ventricles of the heart are unable to contract effectively and blood pools in the heart Symptoms depend on which _____________________ fails Left ventricle failure Dyspnea Right ventricle failure Engorgement of organs, edema, and ascites Congestive Heart Failure Similar to heart failure Body Structures & Functions Heart & Circulatory System Chapter 13 & 14 Left-sided failure – pulmonary edema Right-sided failure – fluid __________________ throughout body Treatment Rhythm/Conduction Defects Heart block First-degree block Second-degree block Third-degree block or complete heart block Premature contractions Atrial fibrillation PVCs Ventricular fibrillation Types of Heart Surgery Angioplasty Cardiac stents Coronary bypass Transmyocardial laser revascularization Heart Transplants Used as a last resort Histocompatibility Organ rejection Medical Highlights Pacemaker Cardiac resynchronization therapy Defibrillator Heart pumps