Download Name: Date: CH. 6 Learning Active Review Behaviorists define

Name:
Date:
CH. 6 Learning Active Review
1. Behaviorists define learning in terms of a change in__________.
2. Cognitive psychologists define learning in terms of a change in the way organisms mentally
__________ the environment.
3. A __________ is an environmental condition that evokes a response from an organism.
4. A response to an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is called an __________ response (UCR).
5. A response to a conditioned stimulus (CS) is termed a __________ response (CR).
6. Extinguished responses often show __________ recovery as a function of passage of time.
7. In stimulus __________, organisms show a conditioned response in response to a range of stimuli
similar to the conditioned stimulus.
8. In stimulus __________, organisms learn to show a conditioned response in response to a more limited
range of stimuli.
9. In __________ order conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus comes to serve as a conditioned
stimulus after being repeatedly paired with another conditioned stimulus.
10. John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner used conditioning to teach “Little __________” to fear rats.
11. Thorndike originated the law of __________ in learning.
12. He believed that __________ stamp in behavior and punishments stamp it out.
13. Skinner developed the concept of __________ as an alternative to the concepts of reward and
punishment.
14. __________ reinforcers increase the probability that operants will occur when they are applied.
15. __________ reinforcers increase the probability that operants will occur when they are removed.
16. __________ reinforcers such as food have their value because of the biological makeup of the
organism.
17. __________ reinforcers, such as money, acquire their value through association with established
reinforcers.
18. __________ are aversive events that suppress the frequency of the behavior they follow.
19. In a(n) __________ schedule, a specific amount of time must elapse since a previous correct response
before reinforcement again becomes available.
20. In a(n) __________ schedule, the number of correct responses that must be performed before
reinforcement becomes available is allowed to vary.
21. In shaping, we reinforce __________ approximations to the goal.
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22. In using behavior __________, teachers reinforce desired behavior and extinguish undesired behavior
by ignoring it.
CH. 7 Memory Active Review
1. The Atkinson-Shiffon model hypothesizes three stages of memory:__________, __________, and
__________.
2. __________ is the transforming of information so that we can remember it.
3. One way of storing information is by __________ rehearsal, or by mentally repeating it.
4. Another way of storing information is by __________ rehearsal, when we relate new information to
things we already know.
5. The hippocampus appears vital to the storage of (new or old) information.
CH. 10 Learning Active Review
1. Heavy maternal use of alcohol is linked to __________ alcohol syndrome (FAS).
2. Fetal exposure to heavy metals lead and mercury can (slow or accelerate?) mental development.
3. __________ are simple, unlearned stereotypical responses elicited by specific stimuli.
4. Piaget saw intelligence as including __________ (responding to events according to existing schemas)
and accommodation.
5. Object permanence develops during the __________ period of cognitive development.
6. The __________-operational period is characterized by conservation and reversibility.
7. Vygotsky used the concepts of scaffolding and the __________ of proximal development to explain
cognitive development.
8. Kohlberg hypothesizes that moral reasoning develops through (how many?) __________ levels and
two stages within each level.
9. Erikson presents a theory of __________ development.
10. Ainsworth identified three stages of attachment: the __________ phase, which is characterized by
indiscriminate attachment, the attachment-in-the-making phase, and the clear-cut-attachment phase.
11. The Harlow studies with monkeys suggest that __________ comfort is more important than
conditioning in the development of attachment.
12. Baumrind labeled the three most important parenting styles __________, authoritarian, and
permissive.
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CH. 11 Learning Active Review
1. __________-operational thought is characterized by hypothetical thinking and deductive logic.
2. Erik Erikson considers the life crisis of adolescence to be ego identity versus role __________.
3. According to Erikson, many people whom we would call emerging adults are in the identity status of
__________.
4. Erikson characterized early adulthood as the stage of __________ versus isolation.
5. Erikson labeled the life crisis of the middle years __________ versus stagnation.
6. Erikson labeled late adulthood the stage of ego __________ versus despair.
CH. 12 Personality
1. Psychodynamic theories of personality teach that personality is characterized by __________ between
primary drives and laws, social rules, and moral codes.
2. According to Freud, the unconscious psychic structures called the __________ is present at birth and
operates according to the pleasure principle.
3. The __________ is the sense of self and operates according to the reality principle.
4. The __________ is conscience or the moral sense, operates on the morality principle, and develops by
internalizing the standards of parents and others.
5. Freud’s stages of __________ development include oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages.
CH. 15 Learning Active Review
1. Bipolar Disorder is an example of a _______________ disorder.
2. Delusion and hearing voices is an example of _______________.
3. Suffering from intense fear and reliving a traumatic event over and over again is an example of
__________ disorder.
4. A constant habit of elaborate washing over and over again or obsessive thoughts is characteristic of
__________disorder.
5. Excessively worrying about tomorrow and losing control of one’s life is characteristic of __________
disorder.
6. A fear of heights is called _______________.
7. A fear of public spaces or going outside is called _______________.
8. A fear of tight, closed spaces is called _______________.