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Vitamins Vitamin Water Soluble Vitamins Vitamin Name Functions Vitamin B1 Thiamine - Metabolism of pyruvic acid & other keto acids Synthesis of ribose, deoxyribose, acetylcholine (neurotransmitter necessary for nervous system, cardiovascular & muscular function) - Beriberi Fairly rare Confusion muscle wasting nerve problems rapid heart beat Vitamin B2 Riboflavin - Forms coenzymes FAD, FMN Important in CHO breakdown/oxidative phosphorylation Promotes healthy skin & good vision - Most common Not severe enough to cause disability Epithelial & mucosal deterioration Photophobia Severe form of cheilosos Inflammation & cracking at corners of lips Scaly dermatitis at angles of nose Keratitis of cornea Blurred vision Pellagra Seen in people with large cereal diet Niacin is bound to sugar molecules & decrease its bioavailability Muscle weakness Poor gland secretion Referred to as ‘three D’s” (diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia) No deficiency has been identified in humans - Vitamin B3 Niacin - Vitamin B5 Pantothenic acid - Deficiency Forms coenzymes NAD, NADP Important in CHO breakdown/oxidative phosphorylation & beta-oxidation of FA Promotes healthy digestive system, normal appetite, healthy skin & nails - Forms coenzyme A, needed to make acetyl CoA - - - Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine - Vitamin B7 Biotin - Vitamin B9 Folic acid Vitamin B12 Cyanocobalmin - Involved in transamination reactions Glycogen phosphorylase (glycogenesis) Hemoglobin syntheses/red blood cell metabolism Forms several enzymes in CHO, fat, protein metabolism Fatty acid synthesis Amino acid synthesis Glycogen synthesis Promotes normal growth of hair, skin, oil glands & red blood cells DNA synthesis Cell production Cell growth (pregnancy/infancy) Development of neural tube in embryo Essential for RBC maturation Formation, growth & maturation of red blood cells Minor role in maintenance of nerve sheath - Rare Seizures Dermatitis Nausea in children Dermatitis Tongue soreness Anemia Depression - Anemia Impairment of cell division Neural tube defects (ex: spinal bifida) - Pernicious anemia RBC’s get huge, lack DNA to be able to divide, huge RBC’s cannot leave the bone marrow so circulating RBC levels are low Usually due to insufficient production of intrinsic factor, which helps absorb it in the GI tract Scurvy Poor wound healing Poor tooth & bone repair Capillaries rupture easily Bleeding Gums Under nails Around hair follicles Degeneration of muscle & cartilage - Vitamin C Ascorbic acid - Formation of collagen/connective tissue Powerful antioxidant (destroys free radicals which contribute to aging & cell damage) Provides resistance to infection Growth of CT, bone & teeth Wound & bone healing Assists iron absorption - Fat soluble vitamins Vitamin A Retinol - Vitamin D Vitamin E Calciferol Tocopherol - Vitamin K Vitamin K2 Phylloquinone - Growth, development & formation of eye pigments Helps eyes adjust to light & dark Integrity of skin & mucosa Found in animal foods Plant based foods have beta carotene & are converted to vitamin A in body Produced by skin from UVB light Aids in absorption of calcium from GI & controls its deposit in bones Muscle & nerve function Bone formation Powerful antioxidant Prevents oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids Neutralizes free radicals – prevents call membrane damage Encourages skin healing One of the 2 vitamins not required in diet Synthesized by bacteria in colon Role in blood clotting Guides calcium into bones & teeth instead of arteries - - Keratinization Of skin: scaliness Of cornea: blindness Impaired growth in young Bone softening diseases Rickets (children) Osteomalcia (adults) - Rarely seen - Bruising
