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Ancient Rome & its World Roman Geography Italian Peninsula 750 BCE Influences • Etruscans • Greeks • Latium region – Latins and Sabines. – tribal, agrarian Reflections on the Etruscan Civilization By Graziano Baccolini I can never succeed in understanding why Italians still fail to recognize the enormous contribution that the Etruscan civilization has made to our Western civilization. We keep on believing the teaching that the Greeks and above all the Romans are the peoples to whom the Western world owes its origins. All of this is considerably exaggerated and based on historical falsehoods. However, I have ascertained instead that it is the Etruscans, coming from the East, who are the true founders of our European culture, … Etruscans • Settled between 900 - 800 BCE • Origins unknown, possibly eastern Mediterranean, possibly Asia Minor • Brought civilization and urbanization to Italian Peninsula • Single most important influence on Roman culture in its transition to civilization. Chimera Etruscan society & Contributions • Architecture & Engineering – Arch used in gates & bridges – FORUM plan • Women play a fairly significant role • Alphabet a variation of Greek, foundation for Latin (isolate language) • Religion – anthropomorphic gods & divination (augury) • Artistic Legacy As the Etruscans developed their civilization in the North, what events were taking place south along the Tiber River? ROMAN BEGINNINGS…. The Forum • political and economical center of Rome during the Republic • It emerged in the 7th century BCE maintained well into the Imperial period – reduced to a monumental area Roman Origins • Legend and mythology ??? • Ancient writers such as Livy and Herodotus • Archeological evidence • Virgil’s Aeneid • Titus Livius , The History of Rome – Romulus and Remus, founders of Rome. – Romulus murdered Remus – Romulus - the first King of Rome Rise of Roman Power Consolidation of Italian Peninsula … (5th C – 3rd C BCE) •Rome: a city state w/ Etruscan Kings - liberated 509 BCE •Continual Battle for control •Organization of Governing Body The Roman Legion Roman Republic Structure & Society Government Law Family Gender Artistic Legacy as a reflection of values and society Foreign Relations Making sense of the Roman Republic 1. What is meant by republic and is the Roman Republic a democratic system? Explain. 2. Romans are perhaps best remembered for their law code, first created during the Republic period. What was, and continues to be, so significant about this law code? 3. What aspects of the Roman system do you see as being problematic in terms of its future success? Roman Republic 509 BCE Rome is liberated 270 BCE control of entire Peninsula 2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome) DICTATOR Senate During war (Representative body for patricians) or conflict Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians) Roman Roads Appian Way Built Roman Cultural Identity Soldiers spread throughout Taxation, citizenship –in some cases The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE CODE OF LAW • Earliest (surviving) piece of literature • Created out of the struggle for legal and social protection and civil rights between: – PATRICIANS the privileged class – PLEBEIANS the common people • Bound both parties to the agreement • Magistrates (the 2 consuls) were to enforce impartially. The Twelve Tables • TABLE I Procedure: for courts and trials • TABLE II Trials, continued. • TABLE III Debt • TABLE IV Rights of fathers (paterfamilias) over the family • TABLE V Legal guardianship and inheritance laws • TABLE VI Acquisition and possession • TABLE VII Land rights • TABLE VIII Torts (Laws of injury) • TABLE IX Public law • TABLE X Sacred law Plebeians also won… TRIBUNE w/VETO Power Continued to gain more participation in government Excerpts from Twelve Tables V. 1 "Our ancestors saw fit that "females, by reason of levity of disposition, shall remain in guardianship, even when they have attained their majority." XI. 1 "Marriage shall not take place between a patrician and a plebeian." What do these tell us about Roman society? Insights from the Twelve Tables main bonds which hold the society together and allow it to operate are: • the clan (genos, gens) • patronage (patron/client) • the inherent (and inherited) right of the patricians to leadership (in war, religion, law, and government). Recap… 1. What strategies/methods did the Romans implement in their takeover of the Italian Peninsula? 2. Why would it be correct to say that the Mediterranean Sea was the most significant geographic feature in the development of the Roman Empire? 3. How did Roman expansion influence their relationship with their neighbors? Carthaginians 218BCE: after 1st Punic War Punic Wars • Roman & Carthaginian Rivalry • 264 BCE- 146 BCE 1st Punic War 2nd Punic War 3rd Punic War Roman victory •Sardinia •Corsica •Sicily Hannibal invades Rome Romans invade Carthage Romans defeat Hannibal at Zama Romans invaded Carthage Sold survivors into slavery “Salted the earth” Rome establishes provinces in North Africa Hannibal’s Route Second Punic War, 218BCE Siege of Carthage 100BCE: After 3rd Punic War Evaluating the Success of the Republic • In what ways was the Roman Republic a success? • In what ways was the Roman Republic a failure? • How could the creation of an empire essentially bring about an end to the government of the republic? Roman Empire Civil War & Transition From Republic to Empire Civil War Emerged from the spoils & chaos of conquest… – Excess wealth from cheap labor and markets – Sizeable slave population – Corruption & greed • Widening gap between rich & poor • Calls for reform: – Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus (Tribunes) • the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land. • Assassinated Political Turmoil Civil War gave rise to professional armies, instead of citizen soldiers – Loyal to commanders, not senate or consuls Competition among – “old Republicans” who believed Senate should hold the power – Popular leaders (reformers, commanders) ENTER…. JULIUS CAESAR: Consul & Commander Julius Caesar: Veni, vidi, vici • Conquered Gaul 59 BCE • Crossed the Rubicon – Marched on Rome disregarded Senate & Pompey’s orders • Ruled as a dictator – maintained Senate which had no real power • Reforms – Public works, increased citizenship, created jobs, calendar Beware the Ides of March Senators feared Caesar's growing power What should be the legacy of Julius Caesar? Provide examples in support of your decision… Julius Caesar was a reformer who was working in the best interest of the Roman people when his life was cut short by assassins. Julius Caesar was a dictator who intended to use his popularity to usurp the power of the Senate and establish a monarchy to benefit himself and his family. Julius Caesar’s true objectives will never be known, but given the available evidence I believe his legacy is best described as … …having pitted Roman against Roman and ultimately destroying the Roman Republic. Julius Caesar’s true objectives will never be known, but given the available evidence I believe his legacy is best described as … …having laid the foundation for the great Roman Empire. AD 337: At its Peak Civil War Again! Caesar’s supporters joined forces to capture murderers • Caesar’s chief general: Marc Antony • Caesar’s grandnephew: Octavian Power struggle ensued between Antony & Octavian The Age of Empire had begun…. Antony & Cleopatra Roman Empire 31BCE Octavian defeated Antony & Cleopatra • 27 BCE Senate bestowed title “Augustus” – Religious connotation, divine, semi-divine – Monarchy disguised as republic • Preserved traditional offices • New standing army loyal to emperor – Ruled for 45 years – Initiated Pax Romana Augustus of Prima Porta AD 14: At the time of Octavian Augustus Death Pax Romana ROMAN PEACE • Wealth brought greater Urban development of Rome – Circus Maximus, The Coliseum, Aqueducts – Development of Cities (Paris, London, Lyon, Toledo) • Interdependence – Specialization of Agriculture – Facilitation of Trade and Communication – Postal Service, Roads • Roman law (added to and adapted 12 Tables) – Innocent until proven guilty – Right to face accusers in court of law Mare Nostrum Roman Roads North African road almost 3,000 miles All Roads Lead to Rome Coliseum & Circus Maximus Aqueducts Engineering an Empire How had life changed for people during Pax Romana? Consider… Roman Society What aspects stayed the same as the Republic and what changed? • Growth of New Social Classes – Merchants, contractors, engineers, landowners • Pater Familias – “Father of the family” – patriarchal, deferential society • Women’s Role – Domestic affairs, inheritance & influence grew over time • Slavery – 1/3rd of Population – growth of slave population – revolts 73 BCE Spartacus Revolt Politics & Religion Polytheism to Monotheism Belief Systems of the Early Roman Empire • Polytheistic spirits (unlike Greece) Pantheon of deities (like Greece) – Jupiter – principle god • Rituals, Sacrifices, Priests & Priestess • Tolerant, blended with other local religions – Religions of Salvation (saved for a better afterlife) – Cult of Isis • Jewish Community problematic to Roman Emperor Because of monotheistic nature – Jewish War 66 – 70AD – Emergence of Christian Jewish Sect- followers of Jesus of Nazareth Early Christian Beliefs & Practices • Monotheistic – Jesus of Nazareth – Savior & son of God • Salvation equally accessible to all – Eternal life - Salvation – Rich, poor, men, women – High moral standards of conduct challenges to traditional Roman society • Faith ahead of personal & family interests – • Regional variations according to bishops – Role of women, ordination, account of Jesus’ life & impact Spread of Christianity How are Roman officials likely to respond to the growth of the Christian sect? Why might Christianity become more of a concern for the Romans than the Jewish sect? Christian relationship with Early Roman Empire • Missionary Component – St Paul of Tarsus traveled throughout Mediterranean bringing converts to Christian Community – Appealed to lower classes, women, urban populations – Sizeable Christian population by 300 CE • Problem…Refused to honor Roman deities or recognize Emperor as having an element of divinity – Sporadic campaigns by Empire to persecute & eliminate Christians Back to Politics… What changes were taking place in the Empire by the 3rd Century? What were some of the problems the Empire might be experiencing? Later Empire: Fundamental Political Changes Accession of Diocletian to the throne in A.D. 284. • Roles of consul, tribune, senate lost any remaining significance, and were practically abolished. • 292, Diocletian created a Tetrarchy : – A co-Augustus in the West; – Two lesser rulers (Caesars) • Each emperor ruled in his own territory – defending the frontiers – suppressing revolts Emperor Constantine • Ruled 306 to 337 • ruled the ‘Western Empire’ – proclaimed emperor by the legions of Gaul – Battle of the Milvian Bridge • Ended the civil wars of the Tetrarchy • 323 Constantine became sole Emperor of the whole Roman world Constantine’s Conversion • Vision in battle -Constantine had soldiers wear crucifix symbol into battle • 313 - Edict of Milan granted by Constantine – religious freedom throughout the Roman Empire – restitution of property confiscated from Christians. • Constantine's profession of Christianity deprived it of much of its independence – used the church as an instrument of imperial policy – imposed upon the church his imperial ideology Constantinople • Dedicated on May 11, 330 • Ancient Greek city of Byzantium • Capital of the empire • Favorable position – Economic (ports, trade) – Political (eastern fronts) • Christian Capital – Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom) Hagia Sophia Fall of the Roman Empire Not one specific cause • Internal Decay • External pressures • Timing consistent with Fall of Asian Empires • Crises of Late Antiquity Internal Decay • Disease & epidemics – small pox, measles • Economic drain – Centralization unmanageable – Rise of regional self sufficiency • Political turmoil – succession crises • Widening gap between rich and poor External pressures • Germanic invasions • Late 4th Century Huns – Attila the Hun – Aggressive westward migration – Invaded Hungary, Balkans, Northern Italy • Pressure on other Germanic groups – – – – Visigoths, Franks, Vandals Invaded Roman territories Rome sacked 410 476 Imperial Authority came to an end Crisis of Late Antiquity Sources • • • • http://www.unrv.com/empire/founding.php http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/12tables.html http://sights.seindal.dk/sight/4_Forum_Romanum.html http://historyworld.org/christianity%20conversion_of_constantine.htm • http://www.earlychurch.org.uk/constantine.php