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1/9/14 Chapter 1 The Sociological Perspective Planet Earth - Activity © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 1/9/14 Planet Earth • 5.5 billion people = 1,000 people – 190 nations – 575 Asian (200 China) – 130 African – 125 European – 100 Latin American – 65 North America (Canada, U.S, Mexico) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Planet Earth • Economics – ½ of villages income is earned by 120 people • Food – Produce enough to feed everyone – 500 are hungry going to bed (poor nutrition) – 200 lack food and are vulnerable to diseases © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 1/9/14 Planet Earth • Housing – Examples of splendid, 60 richest families in in luxurious houses – 600 live in shanty housing with no comfort or safety • Education – 75 have completed college degrees – ½ have never been inside a classroom – 700 can not read or write © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Planet Earth • Environment – In danger… pollution, global warming • Conflict and war – Divisions over nationality, religion, Race, and language – Virtually at any time, fighting disrupts peace in community…. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 1/9/14 Seeing the Broader Social Context • How Groups Influence People • How People are Influenced by Their Society – People Who Share a Culture – People Who Share a Territory © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Location - Corners in Life • • • • • • Jobs Income Education Gender Age Race/Ethnicity © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 1/9/14 C. Wright Mills - History and Biography • History - Location in Broad Stream of Events • Biography - Individual s Specific Experiences • External influences—our experiences— become part of our thinking and motivation © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Global Context and the Local • The Global Village • Instant Communication – Pick up a telephone or use the Internet to communicate instantly with people anywhere • Sociology Studies both the Global Network and Our Unique Experiences © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 1/9/14 Sociology and the Other Sciences • The Natural Sciences – Explain and Predict Events in Natural Environment • The Social Sciences – Examine Human Relationships – Divided into specialized fields based on their subject matter © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sociology and the Other Sciences • Anthropology – Studies Culture • Economics – Studies the Production and Distribution of Goods and Services • Political Science – Studies How People Govern Themselves © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 1/9/14 Sociology and the Other Sciences • Psychology – The Study of Processes Within Individuals • Sociology – Similarities to Other Disciplines • Sociologists focus primarily on industrialized & postindustrialized societies © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Goal of Science • • • • • Explain Why Something Happens Make Generalizations Look for Patterns Predict What will Happen Move Beyond Common Sense © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 1/9/14 Risks of Sociology • • • • Nooks and Crannies People Prefer Hidden People Attempt to Keep Secrets People Feel Threatened by Information They peer behind the scenes to get past those sugar-coated images © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Origins of Sociology • Tradition vs. Science – The Industrial Revolution • Masses of people moved to cities in search of work – Grew Out of Social Upheaval – Imperialism of the Time – Rise of the Scientific Method © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 1/9/14 Sociology defined © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sociology defined • Comte = study of society • Scientific study of society and the social activity of human beings • Study of groups – how they are formed and how they change and with the actions of individuals within these groups • Studies human society and social behavior • Study of human beings and their interaction with each other © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 1/9/14 Auguste Comte and Positivism (1798-1857) • Applying the Scientific Method to Social World • Comte began to wonder what holds society together • Coined the Term Sociology • Armchair Philosophy • Founder of Sociology © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Herbert Spencer –(1820-1903) • Second Founder of Sociology • Disagreed sharply with Comte s idea that sociologists should guide social reform • Lower and Higher Forms of Society • Coined Phrase Survival of the Fittest Fittest societies would survive over time • Spencer s idea that it was wrong to help the poor offended many • Believed in Social Darwinism • Functionalist © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 1/9/14 Karl Marx (1818-1883) • • • • Engine of Human History is Class Conflict The Bourgeoisievs.The Proletariat pg. 236 Marxism Not the Same as Communism Marx thought that people should try to change society. People who own the means of production control society • Marx did not think of himself as a sociologist • Stated that imbalace of power leads to conflict between owners and laborers • Conflict Theory © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Durkheim and Social Integration (1858-1917) • Got Sociology Recognized as Separate Discipline – applied methods of science to the study of Society (Fuctionalist) • Studied How Social Forces Affect Behavior (Suicide) • Identified Social Integration - Degree to Which People are Tied to Social Group • First sociologist to test theories through statistical analysis (suicide) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 1/9/14 How Americans Commit Suicide 60% Whites 54.5 53.7 African Americans Percentage 50% 40% 30% 20.8 20% 23.8 18.4 11.2 10% 0% Guns Hanging Poison 2.0 3.5 1.2 2.7 1.6 1.8 0.4 1.1 1.2 2.2 Jumping Drowning Cutting Fire Other © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Max Weber and the Protestant Ethic (1864-1920) • Religion and the Origin of Capitalism – Disagreed with Marx’s claim that economics is the central force in social change – Said that role belongs to religion • • • • Religion is Central Force in Social Change Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism 3 P’s (Property, Power, Prestige) pg 255 Symbolic interactionist © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 1/9/14 The Debate over Values in Sociological Research The Purposes of Social Research To understand human behavior versus To investigate harmful social arrangements The Uses of Social Research Can be used by anyone for any purpose versus Should be used to reform society © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Values in Sociological Research • • • • • Sociology Should be Value-Free Sociology Should be Objective Research Should Involve Replication Goals and Uses of Sociology That bias has no place in research is not a matter of debate • Are teachers bias… objective vs subjective test…. How to make it more obj. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 1/9/14 What do you see? © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. What do you see? © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 1/9/14 Rat © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Old man © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 1/9/14 Try not to see it now…… © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 1/9/14 Verstehen and Social Facts • Weber – Verstehen - “To Grasp by Insight” – Importance of Subjective Meanings • Durkheim – Stressed Social Facts – Explain Social Facts with Other Social Facts • How Social Fact & Verstehen Fit Together © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sociology in North America • First Took Root in 1890 at University of Kansas • Spread Rapidly in Next 20 Years • Not at Harvard until 1930 • American Journal of Sociology 1895 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 1/9/14 Sexism in Early Sociology • Attitudes of the Time – 1800s Sex Roles Rigidly Defined – Few People Educated Beyond Basics • Harriet Martineau – Published Society in America Before Durkheim and Weber Were Born – Her work was Ignored © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Be a t r (1858–1943) Ma Self–educated l au P ) e 977 sity lic 5–1 ver n Ta 1 l B.S MI 948) bo .1 T 88 8 – t i c .L er .C m D Br yn (1 G M B. aw A. r 18 C ol 86 8 9 le g 7– e 1 re e 96 n e 1) Ba lc h ren59–1932) ce K e ll e y ste J. D r n U n iv e . 18 rsity 95 l Is e 78 od 18 R h gn ) d i G 35 de s 19 ns en De A t t o l o f 8 6 0– r k i o 1 ( e P Sch il m Em ily an a –1 n d 88 0 No o ott rt h 9 we 8– 1 bb eA (187 ag hic of C 0 9 sit y Univer Phil. 19 M. 39) Grac Early North American sociologists combined the roles of social analysis and social reform. As sociology became a respected academic subject and sociology departments developed across the United States, academic sociologists began to emphasize social research and theory. From this orientation, the academic sociologists wrote the history of sociology. They designated non-academic activists as social workers, not sociologists, effectively writing them out of the history of sociology. The women shown here, among the forgotten sociologists of this period, are gradually regaining a place in the history of sociology. (18 – es P e rk The Forgotten Sociologists (1880 Fr a nc rs 1925 ive . Un Ph.D i ooper ia C ) Jul 64 na 58–19 An (18 ity of Paris 196 ns Colum 5) bia M.A. Unive 191 rsit y 0 rio (18 58 i 88 Un 928 (1 an . 1 A A ice Potter Webb Flo The Forgotten Sociologists A t te n d e d Fisk U niv e rsit y 8 8 2 – 1 8 8 4 1 ( ) I d a B . 1 8 6 2– 1 9 3 1 a r n e t t Wel l s - B Cha rl o tt e © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 1/9/14 Racism at the Time: W.E.B Du Bois • B.A. from Fisk University • First Harvard Ph.D. for African American • It is difficult to grasp how racist society was at this time • Published a Book Each Year from 1896-1914 • Neglected by Sociologist Until Recently © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Jane Addams: Sociologist and Social Reformer • Member of American Sociological Society from Start • Came from Background of Wealth and Privilege • Co-Founded Hull House • Co-Founded American Civil Liberties Union © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 1/9/14 Talcott Parsons and C. Wright Mills • Many early North American sociologists saw society as corrupt & in need of reform • Parsons Developed Objective Analysis and Models of Society • Mills Deplored Theoretical Abstractions in Favor of Social Reform • Continuing Tension in Sociology © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Theoretical Perspectives (handouts) • Basic Sociology • Symbolic Interactionism – How People Use Symbols in Everyday Life – Applying Symbolic Interactionism • Changing meaning of symbols affects expectations • Public Sociology • Social Reform is risky © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 1/9/14 Comparing Basic and Applied Sociology APPLIED SOCIOLOGY BASIC SOCIOLOGY Audience: Fellow sociologists and anyone interested Product: Knowledge 1 Constructing theory and testing hypotheses 2 Research on basic social life, on how groups affect people Audience: Clients Product: Change PUBLIC SOCIOLOGY 3 The middle ground: criticisms of society and social policy 4 Analyzing problems, evaluating programs, and suggesting solutions 5 Implementing solutions (clinical sociology) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Call-Back Rates by Race–Ethnicity and Criminal Record 40% Without criminal record With criminal record 34 Percentage 30% 20% 17 14 10% 5 0 Whites African Americans © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 1/9/14 U.S. Marriage, U.S. Divorce 2.50 2.25 Number in Millions 2.0 1.75 Marriages 1.50 1.25 1.0 .75 Divorces .50 .25 .00 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2015 Year © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Applying Symbolic Interactionism Examples • • • • • The Meaning of Marriage The Meaning of Divorce The Meaning of Parenthood The Meaning of Love In Sum – Symbolic interactionists look at how changing ideas put pressure on married couples © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 1/9/14 Functional Analysis • Society is a Whole Unit Made Up of Interrelated Parts that Work Together • Functionalism, Structural Functionalism • Robert Merton and Functionalism – Functions • Manifest • Latent © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Functional Analysis – Dysfunctions • Applying Functional Analysis – Economic Teams – Education of Children – Teaching of Religion © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 23 1/9/14 Contemporary Sociological Theories • Activity 1-3 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Contemporary Sociological Theories • • • • • • • Activity 1-3 1. Symbolic 2. Control 3. Functionalist 4. Symbolic 5. Functionalist 6. Control • • • • • • 7. Control Part III 1. Control 2. Functionalist 3. Symbolic 4. Control © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 24 1/9/14 Functional Analysis – Care of the Sick and Elderly – A Glimpse of the Past - 1800s – Changes in the Functions of… • Family • Friends • marriage © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Conflict Theory • • • • • Karl Marx and Conflict Theory Conflict Theory Today Feminists and Conflict Theory Applying Conflict Theory Functionalists and Conflict Theorists Macro Level • Symbolic Interactionists - Micro Level © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 25 1/9/14 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Trends Shaping the Future • Sociology Full Circle: Reform vs. Research © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 26