Download body - SchoolNotes

Human Digestive System
Function: Break down large food molecules into smaller parts that the body can
use
Part
Function
Break down food into small pieces, saliva begins to
Mouth
chemically break down starch
Esophagus
Stomach
Transports food from mouth into stomach
Mixes strong acids with food to break it down
Small intestine
Long narrow tube mixes enzymes with food
Small nutrient molecules diffuse into blood
Large intestine
Leftover water and minerals that are absorbed into
blood. Left over waste is formed into feces
Rectum
Stores and eliminates feces
Digestive Glands: Produce enzymes that break down food
• Liver – produces bile to digest fat sends it to gall bladder
• Gall Bladder –stores bile and then releases it into small intestine
• Pancreas – produces enzymes for digestion
Mouth
Salivary glands
Esophagus
Liver
Gall bladder
Large intestine
Anus
Stomach
Pancreas
Small intestine
Rectum
Circulatory System
Function: Transports nutrients, O2 , to body cells and transports waste products
away from body cells
Part
Function
Muscle that pumps blood to the lungs and body cells
Heart
Artery
Vein
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Blood vessels that carry blood to the heart
Capillaries Tiny blood vessels that allow exchange of materials between
blood and cells
Circulation through the body:
• Heart – right ventricle of heart pumps blood to lungs
• Lungs – blood gives up its CO2 and gains O2 returns to left atrium of heart
• Heart – Left ventricle of heart pumps blood through aorta to body cells
• Body Cells – blood gives up its O2 and nutrients and takes in CO2 and waste
• Heart –right atrium receives blood from body cells
To body
Blood from
body
Aorta
Blood to
lungs
Pulmonary Artery
Blood from
lungs
Right
Atrium
Left Atrium
Valve
Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle
Blood from
body
Valve
Blood Part
Red Blood Cells
Function
Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
Contains hemoglobin (iron)
White Blood Cells
Protect the body from infection
Several types
Plasma
Liquid that carries parts of blood
Also carries nutrients and other materials
Platelets
When a blood vessel is cut, clot to stop bleeding
Human Respiratory System
Function: Take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide
Part
Nasal cavity
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Alveoli
Diaphragm
Function
Takes in, filters and warms air
Windpipe which transport air into lungs
2 main branches, one leads to each lung
Bronchi branch into smaller and smaller tubes eventually
forming alveoli
Tiny air sacs where CO2 and O2 are exchanged
Gases pass into and out of capillaries (circulatory sys.)
Large muscle below lungs. Contracts causes inhale,
relaxes causes exhale
Alveoli
Air out Air in
Nasal cavity
Low oxygen
blood
High oxygen
blood
trachea
bronchi
CO2 out O2 into
of blood blood
Right Lung
Diaphragm
Left lung
Nervous System
Function: Control & coordination:Senses stimuli from internal and external
environment and responds to those stimuli
Part
Function
Organizes information and coordinates response
Brain
Spinal
Chord
Nerves
Carries nerve messages to and from the brain
Bundles of nerve cells that carry messages through body
Neurons
Nerve cell, basic unit of nervous system
Uses electrical and chemical signals
Sensory Sense changes and transmit messages to nervous system
receptors Ex. Eyes, taste buds, ears
Neurotransmitter – Released from the axon end of a neuron, triggers the
next neuron or other cell
Brain
Brain Stem
Spinal chord
Nerves
Neuron
Endocrine System
Function: Control & Coordination. Helps maintain homeostasis using chemical
messages or signals. Controls growth, metabolic processes and maturation -works
with the nervous system
Part
Function
Hormones Chemical messengers that are produced by endocrine
glands
bloodstream
to target
cells
Masterthrough
gland controls
many other
glands
Pituitary Travel
Located at the base of the brain
gland
Ovaries
Release hormones controlling female sexual development
Testes
Releases hormones controlling male sexual development
Hormones:
A. Growth Hormone – stimulates cells and bones to grow
B. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone – regulates metabolism and body temp.
C. Adrenaline – stimulates “fight or flight” response
D. Insulin – causes cells to take in glucose
SECRETING CELL
HORMONE SIGNALS
2
1
3
TARGET CELLS
A
B
1.
Which target cell will respond to hormone #1?
2.
Explain why it will react.
3.
Which target cell will respond to hormone #2?
4.
Explain why it will react.
C
Excretory System (But it’s real name is The Urinary
System)
Function: Filters blood to remove waste from body such as CO2, urea and
nitrogen wastes. Also balances water, salt and nutrient levels in the body.
Part
Function
Kidneys Filters waste & excess water from the blood by diffusion
through kidney cell membranes and transforms it into urine
Ureters Tube that drains urine from kidney to the bladder
Bladder Collects urine from kidneys and stores it until removal
urethra
Urethra Drains urine from bladder to outside the body.
Lungs
Excretes CO2 from the blood
Skin
Excretes water and salts
Kidney
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Immune System
Function: To fight infection through the production of cells that inactivate foreign
substances or cells. This process is called immunity.
Part
Function
A substance that triggers a response from the immune system.
Antigen
Viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens may antigens .
lymphocytes White blood cells of the immune system that recognize specific
antigens;
B lymphocytes (B cells)- provide immunity against antigens and
pathogens in the body fluids
T lymphocytes (T cells) - provide a defense against abnormal cells
and pathogens inside living cells
Antibodies
I.
proteins on lymphocytes that recognize and bind to antigen( like a
“lock and key” fit)The antibodies are carried in the bloodstream to
attack the pathogen that is causing the infection
Non-Specific Defenses
A. first line of defense
- Is to keep pathogens out of the body. This role is carried out by skin,
mucus, sweat, and tears.
Your body's most important nonspecific
defense is the skin
B. Second
Line of Defense
- The inflammatory response is a nonspecific defense reaction to tissue
damage caused by injury or infection.
II.
Specific Defenses
a. Humoral Immunity
– process where B cells of the immune system recognize
specific antigens on pathogens
b. Cell Mediated Immunity
- process where T cells provide a defense against
abnormal cells and pathogens inside living cells
 Body cells have marker proteins on their
surfaces that allow the immune system to
recognize the cells. If an organ was going to be
transplanted into your body, your immune
system would recognize the transported organ
as foreign and attack it.
III.
Acquired Immunity
-
Active immunity appears after exposure to an antigen, as a result of
the immune response. Active immunity may develop as a result of
natural exposure to an antigen (fighting an infection) or from
deliberate exposure to the antigen (through a vaccine).
vaccination
-
injection of a weakened or mild form of a pathogen to produce
immunity
Skeletal/Muscular System
Function: Support, protect the body and allow movement
Part
Muscles
Bones
Tendon
Ligament
Function
Contract to pull bones allowing movement
Support the body, protect organs
Connect muscles to bones
Connect bones to bones
Interaction of Body Systems
Body systems must work together to maintain homeostasis
Homeostasis – balanced internal environment – constant adjustment
Ex. Body temperature
-Body temp drops, brain senses, brain tells muscles to shiver
Circulatory, nervous, muscular system all working together
Blood Sugar
Body monitors blood glucose, hormones are released to correct it
Circulatory, endocrine, digestive system all work together
Body systems interacting
• Digestive & Circulatory
Digestive system breaks down foods, nutrients pass into blood stream
• Respiratory & Circulatory
Circulatory system blood flows to lungs
CO2 is released and O2 is absorbed
Comparing humans and other organisms
Similarities
1. Chemical Composition – same C,H,O,N
2. Tissues – same muscle, nerve, blood tissues as other organisms
3. Organ systems – work in similar ways in different organisms
4. Reproduction – same types of reproduction as other animals
5. Genetic information – DNA is same in all organisms
Human organ system compared to single celled organisms
Human
Respiratory system
Circulatory system
Digestive system
Excretory system
Function
Gas exchange
Transport
Nutrition
Remove waste
Single Cell
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Vacuoles
Cell membrane