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Biology Final Exam Review Topic 4: The Human Body I. Organization: The human body is made up of_________. A) All humans (and most other organisms) begin life as a __________cell. 1. The nucleus of this cell has _______the genes needed to become a complete organism. B) As cells divide, they begin to develop into specialized_________. C) As the body continues to develop, tissues will work together to form__________. D) Organs will work together to form__________. E) Org an systems will work together to help a person maintain_____________. II. Circulatory System A) Moves _________through the body to the organs and cells that need them. B) Transported material includes: 1. ___________and __________from intestines to all cells of body. 2. ________from lungs to all cells of the body. 3. ________from glands to target cells 4. ________from all cells to the excretory organs. C) Materials usually enter and leave the blood through___________. 1. Diffusion: Process in which material moves from a ___concentration to a low concentration. Ex: There is a high concentration of oxygen in the lungs, so oxygen will diffuse from the lungs into the__________, which has less oxygen. 2. __________: Microscopic blood vessels where diffusion occurs. D) The ______is the pump that drives the circulatory system. The left ________is high in oxygen because the blood is returning from the__________. __________prevent the backflow of blood. ___________pump blood away from the heart (aorta). E) _____________carry oxygen and carbon dioxide. 1. Hemoglobin: __________in red blood cells that carries oxygen. F) _________is the fluid of the blood. It transports everything except oxygen. Word Bank: material hormones everywhere nutrients wastes plasma water protein clot capillaries diffuse valves only high diffusion heart blood white-blood-cells Red blood cells (A), platelets (B) and ________________(C) oxygen lungs red-blood-cells atrium ventricles III. Respiratory System: A) Breathing provides __________needed for cellular respiration (which uses energy from sugar to make________). B) Excretes the waste _________which is produced from cellular respiration. C) The _________is the muscle that allows breathing to occur. D) You breathe faster when CO2 builds up in the __________(not when you need oxygen). E) The _________are microscopic sacs where oxygen enters the blood and CO2 leaves the blood (gas exchange). 1. The alveoli are surrounded by _________which pick up oxygen and drop off CO2. Word Bank: diaphragm capillaries oxygen ATP alveoli blood CO2 IV. Digestive System: A) Food is ________down so that it is small enough to enter the body tissues/cells. 1. Food is broken down mechanically and_________. __________contains the enzyme that begins chemical digestion. 2. Nutrients and water are _________into the body in the small and large intestines. B) The digestive system is a one way _______through the body that includes the mouth, stomach and intestines. C) Food is moved through the digestive system by muscular contractions (________________). D) ______are small structures that enable the small intestine to absorb large amounts of nutrients. Word Bank: passage chemically eliminated nutrients absorbed excretes saliva peristalsis villi broken V. Interactions between body systems A) The different systems of the body work together to maintain homeostasis. For example: 1. Nutrients from the _________system are transported to cells by the _________system. 2. Wastes from the ________system are removed by the _________system. 3. The _________and ________systems work together to control the body. 4. The ______system protects the _______system from disease by using _______blood cells. Word Bank: respiratory immune nervous (2) endocrine excretory white circulatory digestive