Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Cell theory wikipedia , lookup
Hematopoietic stem cell wikipedia , lookup
Human embryogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Developmental biology wikipedia , lookup
Adoptive cell transfer wikipedia , lookup
Human genetic resistance to malaria wikipedia , lookup
Polyclonal B cell response wikipedia , lookup
Regeneration in humans wikipedia , lookup
Human Digestive System Function: Break down large food molecules into smaller parts that the body can use Part Function Break down food into small pieces, saliva begins to Mouth chemically break down starch Esophagus Stomach Transports food from mouth into stomach Mixes strong acids with food to break it down Small intestine Long narrow tube mixes enzymes with food Small nutrient molecules diffuse into blood Large intestine Leftover water and minerals that are absorbed into blood. Left over waste is formed into feces Rectum Stores and eliminates feces Digestive Glands: Produce enzymes that break down food • Liver – produces bile to digest fat sends it to gall bladder • Gall Bladder –stores bile and then releases it into small intestine • Pancreas – produces enzymes for digestion Mouth Salivary glands Esophagus Liver Gall bladder Large intestine Anus Stomach Pancreas Small intestine Rectum Circulatory System Function: Transports nutrients, O2 , to body cells and transports waste products away from body cells Part Function Muscle that pumps blood to the lungs and body cells Heart Artery Vein Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart Blood vessels that carry blood to the heart Capillaries Tiny blood vessels that allow exchange of materials between blood and cells Circulation through the body: • Heart – right ventricle of heart pumps blood to lungs • Lungs – blood gives up its CO2 and gains O2 returns to left atrium of heart • Heart – Left ventricle of heart pumps blood through aorta to body cells • Body Cells – blood gives up its O2 and nutrients and takes in CO2 and waste • Heart –right atrium receives blood from body cells To body Blood from body Aorta Blood to lungs Pulmonary Artery Blood from lungs Right Atrium Left Atrium Valve Left Ventricle Right Ventricle Blood from body Valve Blood Part Red Blood Cells Function Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide Contains hemoglobin (iron) White Blood Cells Protect the body from infection Several types Plasma Liquid that carries parts of blood Also carries nutrients and other materials Platelets When a blood vessel is cut, clot to stop bleeding Human Respiratory System Function: Take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide Part Nasal cavity Trachea Bronchi Lungs Alveoli Diaphragm Function Takes in, filters and warms air Windpipe which transport air into lungs 2 main branches, one leads to each lung Bronchi branch into smaller and smaller tubes eventually forming alveoli Tiny air sacs where CO2 and O2 are exchanged Gases pass into and out of capillaries (circulatory sys.) Large muscle below lungs. Contracts causes inhale, relaxes causes exhale Alveoli Air out Air in Nasal cavity Low oxygen blood High oxygen blood trachea bronchi CO2 out O2 into of blood blood Right Lung Diaphragm Left lung Nervous System Function: Control & coordination:Senses stimuli from internal and external environment and responds to those stimuli Part Function Organizes information and coordinates response Brain Spinal Chord Nerves Carries nerve messages to and from the brain Bundles of nerve cells that carry messages through body Neurons Nerve cell, basic unit of nervous system Uses electrical and chemical signals Sensory Sense changes and transmit messages to nervous system receptors Ex. Eyes, taste buds, ears Neurotransmitter – Released from the axon end of a neuron, triggers the next neuron or other cell Brain Brain Stem Spinal chord Nerves Neuron Endocrine System Function: Control & Coordination. Helps maintain homeostasis using chemical messages or signals. Controls growth, metabolic processes and maturation -works with the nervous system Part Function Hormones Chemical messengers that are produced by endocrine glands bloodstream to target cells Masterthrough gland controls many other glands Pituitary Travel Located at the base of the brain gland Ovaries Release hormones controlling female sexual development Testes Releases hormones controlling male sexual development Hormones: A. Growth Hormone – stimulates cells and bones to grow B. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone – regulates metabolism and body temp. C. Adrenaline – stimulates “fight or flight” response D. Insulin – causes cells to take in glucose SECRETING CELL HORMONE SIGNALS 2 1 3 TARGET CELLS A B 1. Which target cell will respond to hormone #1? 2. Explain why it will react. 3. Which target cell will respond to hormone #2? 4. Explain why it will react. C Excretory System (But it’s real name is The Urinary System) Function: Filters blood to remove waste from body such as CO2, urea and nitrogen wastes. Also balances water, salt and nutrient levels in the body. Part Function Kidneys Filters waste & excess water from the blood by diffusion through kidney cell membranes and transforms it into urine Ureters Tube that drains urine from kidney to the bladder Bladder Collects urine from kidneys and stores it until removal urethra Urethra Drains urine from bladder to outside the body. Lungs Excretes CO2 from the blood Skin Excretes water and salts Kidney Ureters Urinary bladder Immune System Function: To fight infection through the production of cells that inactivate foreign substances or cells. This process is called immunity. Part Function A substance that triggers a response from the immune system. Antigen Viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens may antigens . lymphocytes White blood cells of the immune system that recognize specific antigens; B lymphocytes (B cells)- provide immunity against antigens and pathogens in the body fluids T lymphocytes (T cells) - provide a defense against abnormal cells and pathogens inside living cells Antibodies I. proteins on lymphocytes that recognize and bind to antigen( like a “lock and key” fit)The antibodies are carried in the bloodstream to attack the pathogen that is causing the infection Non-Specific Defenses A. first line of defense - Is to keep pathogens out of the body. This role is carried out by skin, mucus, sweat, and tears. Your body's most important nonspecific defense is the skin B. Second Line of Defense - The inflammatory response is a nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection. II. Specific Defenses a. Humoral Immunity – process where B cells of the immune system recognize specific antigens on pathogens b. Cell Mediated Immunity - process where T cells provide a defense against abnormal cells and pathogens inside living cells Body cells have marker proteins on their surfaces that allow the immune system to recognize the cells. If an organ was going to be transplanted into your body, your immune system would recognize the transported organ as foreign and attack it. III. Acquired Immunity - Active immunity appears after exposure to an antigen, as a result of the immune response. Active immunity may develop as a result of natural exposure to an antigen (fighting an infection) or from deliberate exposure to the antigen (through a vaccine). vaccination - injection of a weakened or mild form of a pathogen to produce immunity Skeletal/Muscular System Function: Support, protect the body and allow movement Part Muscles Bones Tendon Ligament Function Contract to pull bones allowing movement Support the body, protect organs Connect muscles to bones Connect bones to bones Interaction of Body Systems Body systems must work together to maintain homeostasis Homeostasis – balanced internal environment – constant adjustment Ex. Body temperature -Body temp drops, brain senses, brain tells muscles to shiver Circulatory, nervous, muscular system all working together Blood Sugar Body monitors blood glucose, hormones are released to correct it Circulatory, endocrine, digestive system all work together Body systems interacting • Digestive & Circulatory Digestive system breaks down foods, nutrients pass into blood stream • Respiratory & Circulatory Circulatory system blood flows to lungs CO2 is released and O2 is absorbed Comparing humans and other organisms Similarities 1. Chemical Composition – same C,H,O,N 2. Tissues – same muscle, nerve, blood tissues as other organisms 3. Organ systems – work in similar ways in different organisms 4. Reproduction – same types of reproduction as other animals 5. Genetic information – DNA is same in all organisms Human organ system compared to single celled organisms Human Respiratory system Circulatory system Digestive system Excretory system Function Gas exchange Transport Nutrition Remove waste Single Cell Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Vacuoles Cell membrane