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Transcript
Chapter 15 Ecology and Biosphere How do organisms interact among other organisms and their environment? I. Ecology: study of the interactions between organisms and the living and nonliving components of their environment A. Levels of Organization 1. Biosphere: highest level of organization that includes all living things on water, land, and air 2. Ecosystem: all of the organisms and the nonliving environment found in a particular place 3. Community: all the interacting organisms living in an area 4. Population: all the members of a species that live in one place at one time 5. Organism: simplest level, one specific member of the species Levels B. Biotic and Abiotic factors 1. Biotic factors: living components of the environment (bacteria, plants, animals) 2. Abiotic factors: nonliving factors of the environment (temperature, humidity, pH, sunlight, precipitation, and nutrients) Abiotic and Biotic Factors Abiotic Biotic Ecosystem C. Niche: way of life or the role the species plays in its environment 1. Range of conditions that the species can tolerate 2. Method of obtaining resources 3. Time of reproduction 4. All interactions with its environment Niche Niches of Warbler II. Species interactions A. Predation: one individual captures, kills, and consumes another individual 1. Predator: one that captures and kills 2. Prey: one that is killed 3. Predations is a way to regulate population size 4. Mimicry: harmless species resembles a poisonous or distasteful species B. Parasitism: one individual is harmed while the other individual benefits 1. Parasite: feeds or lives on another individual 2. Host: individual that is harmed C. Competition: results when two or more species try to use the same niche 1. Competitive exclusion: one species is eliminated from a community because of competition for the same limited resource D. Mutualism: cooperative relationship in which both species derive some benefit 1. Pollinators and the flower 2. Some species can not survive without the other Rhino and tick bird Lichens E. Commensalism: one species benefits and the other is not affected Ø Human Our eyelashes are home to tiny mites that feast on oil secretions and dead skin. Without harming us, up to 20 mites may be living in one eyelash follicle. Commensalism Ø Organism is not affected + + Organism benefits Demodicids Eyelash mites find all they need to survive in the tiny follicles of eyelashes. Magnified here 225 times, these creatures measure 0.4 mm in length and can be seen only with a microscope. III. Energy transfer A. Producers: organisms that capture energy from the sun or inorganic molecules 1. Autotrophs: plants and some protists and bacteria 2. Biomass: all the organic material in the ecosystem B. Consumers: obtain energy by consuming organic molecules made by other organisms 1. Heterotrophs: animals, protists, fungi, and bacteria 2. Herbivores: eat producers 3. Carnivores: eat other consumers 4. Omnivores: eat both producers and consumers 5. Detritivores: consumers that feed on the recently dead 6. Decomposers: cause decay by breaking down molecules in dead tissues and waste Producers and Consumers C. Energy flow: when one organism eats another, molecules are metabolized and energy is transferred 1. Trophic level: indicates the organism’s position in the sequence of energy transfers a) first level: producers b) second level: herbivores c) third level: carnivores 2. Food chain: single pathway of feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem 3. Food web: interrelated food chains in an ecosystem Create a Food Web (10 pts) 1. Pick an ecosystem and write it at the top (Forest, ocean, river, rain forest, desert, etc) 2. Pick 3 producers (draw them out, may write the names underneath) 3. Pick 3 herbivores (draw them out, may write the names underneath) 4. Pick 2 carnivores (draw them out, may write the names underneath) 5. Draw arrows to show what they are eating 6. Add color and put your name on it IV. Ecosystem recycling A. Water cycle: movement of water between air, oceans, lakes, and ground 1. Evaporation: water from ocean and lakes is heated by the sun and turned into water vapor in the atmosphere 2. Transpiration: water evaporates from the leaves of plants into the atmosphere 3. The water vapor forms clouds and water droplets 4. Precipitation: water vapor changes into rain, snow, or sleet and falls to the ground 5. The water can flow back into oceans and lakes or seep into the ground Water cycle B. Carbon Cycle 1. Plants use carbon in the form of carbon dioxide during photosynthesis 2. Plants and animals give off carbon dioxide during cellular respiration 3. Decomposers release carbon dioxide into the air when they break down organic compounds 4. Human activities add carbon to the atmosphere (burning fossil fuels and burning forests) Carbon cycle C. Nitrogen cycle 1. All organisms need nitrogen to make proteins and nucleic acids 2. 78% of atmosphere is nitrogen gas, but most living things can not use it in this form 3. Nitrogen fixation: process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia and is done by nitrogen-fixing bacteria 4. Plants can absorb the ammonia produced by the bacteria 5. Animals need to eat the plants Nitrogen cycle V. Terrestrial Ecosystems A. Biome: very large terrestrial ecosystems that contain a number of smaller but related ecosystems 1. Biomes have characteristic plants and animals 2.Change between biomes is gradual, so there are no exact boundaries B. Seven major biomes 1. Tundra: cold and largely treeless 2. Taiga: forested with cone-bearing evergreen trees 3. Temperate deciduous forests: trees that lose their leaves in fall 4. Temperate grasslands: dominated by grasses and usually form in the interior of continents 5. Deserts: areas that receive less than 9.9 inches of rainfall per year 6. Savannas: tropical or subtropical grasslands with scattered trees and shrubs 7. Tropical rain forests: tall trees, near the equator and abundant rainfall Tundra and Mountains Mt. McKinley in Denali National Park: Alaska Rocky Mt. National Park Taiga Glacier National Park: Montana Temperate Forest Point Beach State Forest Manitowoc River Temperate Grasslands Desert Arches National Park: Utah Savanna Tropical Rainforest Belize Costa Rica Rainforest Glaciers/ Polar Regions Seward, Alaska VI. Aquatic ecosystems A. Ocean Zones: 70% of Earth 1. Average depth of 2.3 miles and deepest parts are 6.8 miles 2. Water contains 3 % salt and varying amounts of light a) photic zone: part of ocean that receives sunlight b) aphotic zone: does not receive sunlight 3. Zones extending out from land a) intertidal zone: along ocean shores, tides produce rise and fall of water b) neritic zone: from intertidal to continental shelf and usually shallow c) ocean zone: beyond continental shelf and deep water Zones of the Marine Ecosystem Coastal Photic Zone Aphotic Open Zone Ocean Ocean Trench Coral Reef: St. John- U.S. Virgin Islands Brain Coral Elkhorn Coral Moon Jellyfish Squid Butterfly Fish Sting Ray Green Sea Turtle Movies Coastal Region Trunk Bay, St. John Belize B. Estuaries: freshwater rivers flow into the ocean 1. Variation of the amount of saltwater and freshwater 2. Shallow and changes with the tides 3. Mangrove trees: adaptations that allow them to take up saltwater and to eliminate the salt Mangroves Florida Keys Belize C. Freshwater Zones: low levels of salt (.005%) 1. Lakes and Ponds a) eutrophic: rich in organic matter and vegetation so water is murky b) oligotrophic: little organic matter and water is clear 2. Rivers and streams: water that flows down a gradient or slope towards its mouth Freshwater Zones Pine River: Florence County WI Lake Michigan: Sleeping Bear Dunes