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EARTH SCIENCE STRAND PROCESSES CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS Grades 6, 7, & 8: Describe natural phenomena with appropriate scientific terms. Explain natural phenomena with scientific concepts. Predict future events based on scientific knowledge. Apply scientific reasoning and knowledge. Interpret and communicate scientific information using words, equations, graphs, and charts. EXPERIMENTATION Grades 6, 7, & 8: Recognize and define a problem. Design appropriate investigations to solve the problem. Predict the results of the investigation. Conduct investigations, collect data, and record observations. Interpret data, draw conclusions and assess their validity. ASTRONOMY As a result of learning about the solar system and the universe: Grade 6: None Grade 7: None Grade 8: Students understand the structure of the solar system including movement of the sun, moon, Earth, and other planets. Relate the orientation, direction and duration of the movement of the Earth around its axis and around the sun to day/night cycles and the seasons. Explain how the changes in the relative position of the sun, moon and Earth affect the phases of the moon, eclipses and ocean tides. Describe the solar system as consisting of one star, nine planets, and lesser members different in size, composition and surface features, which revolve around the sun in nearly circular orbits. Students understand theories about the structure and origin of the universe. Recognize that the solar system is part of a vast, expanding and constantly changing universe which contains millions of galaxies. Recognize that galaxies contain billions of stars that are born, change and die. EARTH’S NATURAL RESOURCES As a result of studying Earth’s natural resources: Grade 6: None Grade 7: Students understand that the Earth has various natural resources important to all living organisms. Recognize that important natural resources (i.e., air, soil, minerals) vary in their abundance and the ability to recover and recycle is important. Recognize the sources of fresh water and the importance of water to life. Students understand the use of the Earth’s natural resources by humans. 1 EARTH SCIENCE STRAND – (Continued) Grade 8: Describe major sources of energy and the advantages and disadvantages of using them in modern societies. Use maps to identify geological features and their location. None METEOROLOGY As a result of studying the Earth’s weather and climate patterns: Grade 6: Students infer that our atmosphere is dynamic and has patterns of weather systems. Explain how wind results from unequal heating of the Earth’s surface. Examine the water cycle and the energy that drives it. Relate weather conditions to meteorological data collected from various sources. Students describe and explain the reasons for the distribution of climates around the world. Recognize that regional climates are determined by energy transfer from the sun and are influenced by cloud cover, the Earth’s rotation, oceans and mountains. Examine the possible causes and effects of global phenomena including El Nino, global warming, and ozone depletion. Grade 7: Students infer that our atmosphere is dynamic and has patterns of weather systems. Explain the water cycle and the energy that drives it. Students describe and explain the reasons for the distribution of climates around the world. Explain how regional climates are determined by energy transfer from the sun and are influenced by cloud cover, the Earth’s rotation, oceans and mountains. Discuss the possible causes and effects of global phenomena including El Nino, global warming, and ozone depletion. Grade 8: None EARTH HISTORY AND DYNAMICS As a result of studying the composition of the Earth and the changes it undergoes: Grade 6: Students explain interactions between the Earth’s lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. Describe the interior composition of the Earth, including its core, mantle, and crust. Examine how the formation, weathering, sedimentation and reformation of rock constitute a continuing rock cycle. Examine evidence showing how waves, wind, water and ice shape and reshape the Earth’s land surface by eroding rock and soil in some areas and depositing them in other areas. Students understand the theory of plate tectonics and the Earth’s geological timeline. Explain the causes of major geological events, including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, mountain building, and continental drift as a result of the motion of the Earth’s plates. 2 EARTH SCIENCE STRAND – (Continued) Grade 7: Students explain interactions between the Earth’s lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. Explain how the formation, weathering, sedimentation and reformation of rock constitute a continuing rock cycle. Describe how waves, wind, water and ice shape and reshape the Earth’s land surface by eroding rock and soil in some areas and depositing them in other areas. Students understand the theory of plate tectonics and the Earth’s geological timeline. Recognize that the geological history of the Earth can be divided into major time periods, which are characterized by distinct forms of life. Examine how geological time can be determined using evidence from fossils and rock sequences. Grade 8: Students understand the theory of plate tectonics and the Earth’s geological timeline. Understand that the geological history of the Earth can be divided into major time periods, which are characterized by distinct forms of life. Describe how geological time can be determined by using evidence from fossils and rock sequences. 3