Download physics cos 2011-2012

Physics
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
TOPIC: Kinematics
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The topic focuses on the mathematical and physical description of motion in one and two
dimensions.
CONTENT STATEMENT
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The description of motion in graphical, mathematical, and written forms sets the
foundation for the student of dynamics.
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Speed, velocity, and acceleration are the results of forces and Newton’s laws of motion
and thus the introduction of these topics in kinematics is an essential beginning to the
physics course
Freefall and the acceleration dues to gravity in both one and two dimensions through a
kinematic approach are described using both equations and a variety of time graphs
Vectors of all types are an important tool in physics – graphical representation, simple
mathematical addition, and component vectors are each essential tools in a variety of
topics through physics
CONCEPTS
VOCABULARY
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Speed, velocity, acceleration
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Freefall, ag
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X-T and V-T graphs
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Vectors
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Components of Motion
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Projectile Motion
Velocity
Acceleration
Displacement
Freefall
Uniform Motion
Scalars
Vectors
Components
Projectiles
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
Each of these need to be done first with uniform speed motion, then with accelerated
motion, and finally with 2 dimensional motion.
 Analyze an event involving uniform motion using both mathematical equations and graphs
(both x-t and v-t)
 Study descriptions of uniform motion and translate into both graphical descriptions and
mathematical solutions to unknown variables
 Design a measurable event (involving motion) from which data can be extracted and the
motion studied and explained graphically and mathematically
Physics
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
TOPIC: Forces and Newton’s Laws of Motion
CONTENT STATEMENT
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Dynamics is the “how” of motion and Newton’s three laws of motion are the essential
introduction to dynamics and forces that cause motion.
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Establishing the connection between force and motion, Newton’s Laws of Motion guides
the understanding of physics throughout the entire course. Recognizing what is and what
is not a force, using free-body diagrams to identify forces, and understanding the forcemotion connection are paramount to physics.
CONCEPTS
VOCABULARY
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3 Laws of Motion
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Equilibrium
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Net Force
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Inertia
Force
Contact Force
Long-Range Force
Tension
Weight
Normal Force
Friction
Free-Body Diagram
Newton
Action-Reaction Pair
Net Force
Statics
Terminal Speed
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Demonstrate an understanding of the cause of a change in motion by modeling motion when
a different net force is involved
Given the formulae for the basic laws of motion, the student will calculate the effects of
forces on the motion of objects
The student will, when presented with an event involving the interaction of forces, describe
and explain the motions that may occur in terms of a narrative, graph and a mathematical
expression
Physics
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
TOPIC: Momentum
CONTENT STATEMENT
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Objects change their motion only when a net force is applied. Laws of motion are used to
calculate precisely the effects of forces on the motion of objects. The magnitude of the
change in motion can be calculated using the relationship F = ma, which is independent of
the nature of the force. Whenever one object exerts force on another, a force equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction is exerted on the first object.
CONCEPTS
VOCABULARY
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Momentum
Momentum
Impulse
Elastic Collisions
Inelastic Collisions
Conservation of Momentum
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Relate an object’s mass and speed to its resulting momentum
Demonstrate the conservation of momentum by describing mathematically and narratively
the individual changes that occur in a closed system where objects exert forces on each other
Apply the relationship between impulse and momentum change to everyday events in the life
of a student
Identify parameters that indicate the conservation of momentum in real world and in
contrived events
Physics
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
TOPIC: Energy
CONTENT STATEMENT
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The total energy of the universe is constant. Energy can be transferred by collisions in
chemical and nuclear reactions, by light waves and other radiations, and in many other ways.
However, it can never be destroyed. As these transfers occur, the matter involved becomes
steadily less ordered.
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All energy can be considered to be either kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion;
potential energy, which depends on relative position; or energy contained by a field, such as
electromagnetic waves.
CONCEPTS
VOCABULARY
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Energy
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Work
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Power
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Energy
Work
Power
Kinetic Energy,
Potential Energy
Units of Energy
Conservation of Energy
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Identify and describe the forms of energy in a given system, give the properties, and identify
the source of the energy
Demonstrate an understanding of energy transformations and conservation by an analysis of
the changes using mathematical equations, graphs and narratives
Relate the mathematical equations for work, energy and power to human activities, the
operation of machines, and the interaction of the two
Compare the different forms of energy and draw conclusions regarding the viability of the
forms to the future of mankind
Physics
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
TOPIC: Circular Motion
CONTENT STATEMENT
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Objects change their motion only when a net force is applied. Laws of motion are used to
calculate precisely the effects of forces on the motion of objects. The magnitude of the
change in motion can be calculated using the relationship F = ma, which is independent of
the nature of the force. Whenever one object exerts force on another, a force equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction is exerted on the first object.
CONCEPTS
VOCABULARY
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Centripetal Force
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Rotational Kinematics
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Rotational Dynamics
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Centripetal
Centrifugal
Fictitious Forces
Rotation
Revolution
Angular Speed
Linear Speed
Angular Acceleration
Torque
Moment of Inertia
Angular Momentum
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Evaluate the motion of an object in a circle and relate it to the topics of linear motion and
Newton’s 2nd law to derive the concept of centripetal force
Design and develop an event from which data can be collected, leading to an application of
the equations of circular motion
Relate the concepts of angular speed and angular acceleration to
Derive the laws of torque from unstructured activities involving levers
Analyze equilibrium arrangements in terms of sums of the torques
Apply Newton’s 2nd law to determine the mathematical relationships involved in torque,
angular acceleration and angular velocity
Relate the concept of moment of inertia to real world experiences
Relate the law of conservation of angular momentum to real world experiences
Physics
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
TOPIC: Gravity
CONTENT STATEMENT
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Gravitation is a universal force that each mass exerts on any other mass. The strength of the
gravitational attractive force between two masses is proportional to the masses and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them.
CONCEPTS
VOCABULARY
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Law of Universal Gravitation
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Universal Gravitational Constant
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Satellite Motion
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Orbital and Escape Velocities
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Center of Gravity
Gravity
Inverse-Square Law
ag
Weightlessness
Tides
Satellite
Orbital Velocity
Escape Velocity
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Apply the law of universal gravitation to events, analyzing the effects of mass change or
separation distance change on the resultant force
Predict the gravitational forces that would be present in arrangements involving planets as a
way to disprove the influence of bogus science such as astrology
Determine the effect of the masses of objects on attractive/repulsive forces by calculating the
resultant forces
Relate the laws that effect gravity to the orbit of satellite
Physics
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
TOPIC: Relativity
CONTENT STATEMENT
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The shift from Galilean Relativity to Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity is a major
component of modern physics. The historical development of the theory combined with the
mathematical derivation of the formulae sets the foundation for physics in the 20th century
and the beginnings of the 21st. The relative nature of physical properties such as length,
mass, and time as well overall structure of the spacetime continuum are as integral to physics
as Newton’s laws of motion.
CONCEPTS
VOCABULARY
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Time, Length, and Mass Relative Values
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E=mc2
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Relativistic Addition of Velocities
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Spacetime Continuum
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Curved Space
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Equivalence Principle
Galilean Relativity
Simultaneity
Length Contraction
Time Dilation
Relativistic Velocities
Spacetime Continuum
Energy-Mass Equivalence
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Analyze non-relativistic events for relative motions
Describe the implications of the two main postulates of the special theory
Compare rest quantities of length, time and mass with the relativistic quantities
Apply the mathematical models of the special theory to physical quantities
Cite evidence for the validity of the special theory
Relate the broad topics of the general theory to specific incidents
Apply the concept of curve spacetime to the occurrences of gravitational lensing
Differentiate between the effects of weak gravitational fields of light to that of massive
objects such as black holes
Use non-Euclidean geometry to analyze situations such as parallel lines, triangles, and time
and length dilation
Physics
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
TOPIC: Properties of Matter
CONTENT STATEMENT
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Examining the interaction of matter in different states by applying Newton’s laws and the
concepts of energy is a foundation of such principles as the kinetic molecular theory, gas
laws, and scaling of models. Density is one of the most basic properties of matter and always
presents a challenge to students at all levels of science education. The interaction of matter
placed in fluids is an ideal vehicle to understand concepts from density to buoyancy.
CONCEPTS
VOCABULARY
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Atomic Structure of Matter
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Gases, Liquids, and Solids
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Density
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Scaling
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Properties of Fluids
Compression/Tension
Density
Scaling
Pressure
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Interpret the impact of the characteristics of the 4 states of matter
Relate the structure of the atom to the unique properties of individual elements
Apply the results of scaling of dimensions to a variety of theoretical and real world situations
Describe the concept of density and relate it to a number of everyday situations
Relate the laws of fluids to those of gases
Physics
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
TOPIC: Fluids
CONTENT STATEMENT
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The interaction of matter with liquids and gases play a vital role in the everyday world –
from the workings of a combustion engine to the simple use of a straw to floating in a pool to
a floating balloon. The initial study of buoyancy by Archimedes to the modern impact of
Bernoulli’s laws of air foils, fluid physics touches each part of each student’s world.
CONCEPTS
VOCABULARY
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Archimedes’ Principle
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Pascal’s Law
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Fluids
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Buoyancy
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Barometer
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Bernoulli’s Principle
Archimedes’ principle
Pascal’s law
Fluids
Buoyancy
Barometer
Bernoulli’s Principle
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Interpret the results of guided investigations dealing with buoyancy
Apply the each of the relationships established by Archimedes’ principle and Pascal’s law
and Bernoulli’s principle to specific events, both real and contrived
Design activities to be preformed in the pool based on the concept of buoyancy
Predict the outcome of events as a result of applying the rules of fluid mechanics
Relate Bernoulli’s principle to flight
Physics
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
TOPIC: Thermal Physics
CONTENT STATEMENT
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A concept that bridges the gap between the experiences of chemistry and the world of
physics, thermal interactions are an important component in the understanding of energy.
From the kinetic molecular theory of heat caused by the motion of molecules to the
mathematical solutions to adding ice to warm water, thermal physics is an excellent
combination of theory, every reality and the mathematics that ties them together.
CONCEPTS
VOCABULARY
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Heat energy
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Temperature
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Heat capacity
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Latent Heat
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Kinetic Molecular Theory
Heat
Heat Capacity
Latent Heat
Thermal Equilibrium
Absolute Zero
Thermodynamics
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Differentiate between the concepts of heat and temperature
Work in the lab with the laws of conservation of heat energy dealing with simple
combinations, heat capacity of materials, and heat of fusion/vaporization.
Derive the value of absolute zero and explain its implication to the physics world
Physics
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
TOPIC: Oscillations and Waves
CONTENT STATEMENT
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Waves and the interaction of waves is a fundamental component of basic physics. Our
senses are impacted continually by sound waves, light waves, and other electromagnetic
waves. Basic characteristics of waves form a background for more complex occurrences
such as polarization, interference, and resonance.
CONCEPTS
VOCABULARY
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Oscillations
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SHM
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Pendulum
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Waves
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Sound
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Music
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Decibel Scale
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Doppler Effect
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Standing Waves
Frequency
Period
SHM
Wave
Transverse
Longitudinal
Interference
Resonance
Forced Vibration
Natural Frequency
Standing Waves
Amplitude
Decibel
Doppler Shift
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Identify wave characteristics related to sound waves
Relate the physical properties of sound waves to the mathematical relationships predicted by the
equations for wavelength, frequency, standing waves, harmonics, beats, and fundamentals
Create a source of musical sounds that are designed with the knowledge of the properties of sound
waves
Analyze a variety of musical and non-musical sounds using technology
By investigating wave properties and interactions of various media, the student will describe and
explain wave characteristics, the resulting behavior of wave interactions and the wave-energy
relationship
Design and implement an activity to determine the parameters the affect the period of a pendulum
and/or a spring in oscillation
Apply the mathematical relationship involved in wave properties to real world and contrived
situations
Given wave data altered by source motion, apply the concept of the Doppler effect and determine
velocities
Physics
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
TOPIC: Light
CONTENT STATEMENT
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The properties of reflection and refraction of light form the base for a deeper understanding
of properties of light that require a higher level of understanding of the wave-particle duality
of light. The connection of these theories to everyday phenomena such as mirrors, lenses,
lasers, and colors makes an understanding of light and all of its properties an essential
component of physics.
CONCEPTS
VOCABULARY
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Models of Light
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Em Waves
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Interference
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Diffraction
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Polarized Light
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Wave Model
Particle Model
Quanta
Em Waves
Two Source Interference
Single Slit Interference
Diffraction
Grating
Polarized
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Predict the results of historic experiments to determine the speed of light
Use the relationship between wavelength and frequency to separate em waves into broad
categories
Physics
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
TOPIC: Reflection, Refraction, and Dispersion
CONTENT STATEMENT
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Mirrors and lenses studied from a ray diagram and a mathematical perspective adds to the
understanding of the nature and behavior of light. With applications in the area of fiber
optics, telescopes, microscopes, arrays, and 3D imaging as well as the more esoteric
examination of rainbows, these characteristics of light waves tie the theoretical to the
practical, everyday experiences of students of physics.
CONCEPTS
VOCABULARY
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Reflection
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Refraction
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Mirrors
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Lenses
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Ray Diagrams
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Image Types
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Dispersion
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Resolution
Reflection
Refraction
Real Image
Virtual Image
Concave
Convex
Total Internal Reflection
Critical Angle
Resolution
Rainbows
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Predict the results of historic experiments to determine the speed of light
Use the relationship between wavelength and frequency to separate em waves into broad
categories
Derive the laws of reflection using mirrors and light sources
Derive the laws of refraction using a variety of media and light sources
Gather data from image formation using mirrors and lenses and then interpret the graphical
representation of the results into the laws of lenses and curved mirrors
Identify arrangements which result in total internal reflection
Relate the occurrences of dispersion to real world events
Apply the principles of spectroscopy to frequency of em waves and then to the Doppler
effect
Physics
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
TOPIC: Static Electricity
CONTENT STATEMENT
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A basic understanding of the laws of charges and static electricity is essential to the study of
electricity and electromagnetism. The historical development of the theories of electric
charges and the development of the concept of the electric field are the beginnings to the
study of electricity as well as developing a concrete model for the movement of charges and
the impact on the everyday world of the physics student.
CONCEPTS
VOCABULARY
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Charge by contact
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Charge by induction
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Coulomb’s law
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Electric field
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Conductors and insulators
Charge by Contact
Charge by Induction
Coulomb
Coulomb’s Law
Electric Field
Conductors
Insulators
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Describe electrical forces between objects
Explain how an object becomes charged
Distinguish between a conductor and an insulator
Generate procedures to charge an object
Distinguish between electrical potential energy and electric potential
Describe the operation of a Van de Graaff
Physics
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
TOPIC: Electricity
CONTENT STATEMENT
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Electricity is one of the most used physics concepts in the lives of students. Developing and
understanding of emf, electrical circuits, basic components of circuits, and the application of
these laws and equations to the real world experiences of physics students makes the study of
electricity essential to fulfill the total experiences of students taking physics. Whether a
student looks to a future in engineering or merely as an intelligent, informed member of
society, a solid grasp of the law of electricity is integral to expanding an understanding of the
world in which the student must survive.
CONCEPTS
VOCABULARY
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Electric Potential
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Resistance
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Current
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Capacitance
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Circuits
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Power
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Voltage
Electric potential
Current
Ampere
Resistance
Ohm
Farads
Capacitance
Series
Parallel
Watts
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Distinguish between AC and Dc electricity
Relate electric power to the current and voltage
Describe Ohm’s law
Apply the characteristics of resistance to a variety of natural objects
Distinguish between parallel and series circuits
Interpret schematic diagrams
Determine equivalent resistances of circuits of two or more resistors
Explain the cause of overloading in circuits
Plan and build a simple electric circuit, including the use of a soldering iron
Relate the flow of electric charges to the water flow model
Physics
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
TOPIC: Magnetism and Electromagnetism
CONTENT STATEMENT
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The impact of magnetism and electromagnetism on 21st century life makes understanding
these physics topics an essential component of the life of an educated student. Historical
development of magnetic field concepts, induced electric and magnetic fields, generators,
motors, and transformers all are a part of the complexity of the connected world, and the laws
of physics that govern these interactions are of paramount importance to scientific literacy
for the layman and the scientist alike.
CONCEPTS
VOCABULARY
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Magnetic fields
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Right hand rule
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Induced magnetic fields
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Induced currents
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Generators
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Motors
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AC
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DC
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Transformers
Magnetic Field
Oersted Rule
Induced
Motor
Generator
Transformer
AC electricity
DC electricity
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Compare and contrast magnetic poles and electric charges
Describe the effects of a magnetic field on current
Describe the effects of current on magnetic fields
Identify and explain the parts of motors and generators
Describe how voltage is induced in a coil
Compare and contrast motors and generators
Relate induced electric field to induced magnetic field
Explain the generation and classification of electromagnetic waves
Physics
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
TOPIC: Modern Physics
CONTENT STATEMENT
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Although physics of the 20th and 21st centuries can find their roots in the work of Newton and
Galileo, the introduction of the topics of modern physics helps the student become aware of
the true complexities of physics. Quantum physics, dealing with the extremely smallest of
worlds, plays a larger and larger role in the scientific research and discoveries that current
students will encounter in their lives. A basic introduction to modern physics topics can
forge a strong base onto which future studies can build, and upon which intelligent members
of society can base future judgments.
CONCEPTS
VOCABULARY
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Quantum
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Photoelectric effect
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Photon
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Matter waves
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Uncertainty
Photon
Quantum
Matter Waves
Uncertainty
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Explain the historical evolution of the model of the atom
List the four basic forces of nature
Apply the characteristics of the photon to the explanation of the photoelectric effect
Relate the uncertainty principle to modern attempts to understand the structure of subatomic
particles.
Physics
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
TOPIC: Atomic Physics
CONTENT STATEMENT
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Although understanding the basic building blocks of the universe is a never ending process,
the importance of nuclear energy, the role of the fundamental forces in research, and the
potential for discoveries of yet unknown aspect of the atom makes an introduction to these
topics valuable, timely, and interesting to physics students.
CONCEPTS
VOCABULARY
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Atomic Structure
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Nuclear Structure
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Fission
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Fusion
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Spectroscopy
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Strong Force
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Weak Force
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Quarks
Energy Levels
Fission
Fusion
Fundamental Forces
Quarks
Radio Activity
Dark Matter
Dark Energy
PERRY PHYSICS PACING GUIDE
CONCEPT
TOPICS
LABS
Linear Motion
speed, velocity,
acceleration
freefall, ag
x-t and v-t graphs
uniform and non-uniform velocity
acceleration down a board I and II
freefall with tennis balls and video
x-t, v-t graphs
analyzing motion with LoggerPro
horizontal projectiles – dart guns
projectile motion – dart guns
projectile motion with LoggerPro
forces in equilibrium
friction
inclined planes – sin theta
Projectile
Motion
Newton’s Laws
Momentum
Energy
Rotational
Mechanics and
Dynamics
Gravity
vectors
components of motion
projectile motion
3 Laws of Motion
equilibrium
net force
friction
impulse
momentum
collisions
work, power, energy
potential and kinetic
energy
conservation of energy
centripetal acceleration
and force
angular speed
center of gravity
torque
moment of inertia
angular momentum
Law of Universal
Gravitation
gravity fields
tides
satellites
TIME
(weeks)
3
3
3
collisions of hot wheel cars
2
conservation of energy hot wheels
conservation of energy ball on a
ramp
elastic potential energy
simple circular motion
torque
rotational formulae activity
2
2
gravity and planets – a math
worksheet
1
PERRY PHYSICS PACING GUIDE
CONCEPT
TOPICS
Relativity
Galilean relativity
Special Theory
General Theory
the atom
solids, liquids, gases
density
buoyancy
Bernoulli
waves
interference and diffraction
standing waves
characteristics of sound
resonance
music
history of light theories
characteristics of light
polarization
color
reflection / mirrors
refraction / lenses
diffraction and interference
Properties of
Matter
Waves and Sound
Light
Electrostatics
Electricity and
Magnetism
Atomic Physics
conservation
Coulomb’s law
induction, friction,
polarization
fields
potential energy
current, resistance, voltage
circuits
power
magnetism
electromagnetic induction
generators and motors
em waves
history of atom theories
structure of atom
nucleus
radioactivity
fission and fusion
LABS
TIME
(WEEKS)
2
buoyancy pre-lab
buoyancy in the pool
Hooke’s law
dB meters
the speed of sound
music, frequency, and
harmonics
music project or wind
chime project
plane mirrors
curved mirrors I and II
index of refraction – gels
and glass
lenses I and II
diffraction gratings and
LED
polarized light search
simple electrostatic
properties
3
3
4
1
series and parallel circuits
simple LED circuit
3
2