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Section 8.1 SBI 3U1 pp. 326 - 331 Scientific Contribution to a Theory of Evolution and… Darwin’s voyages and….developing Theory of Natural Selection Where did we come from? • Old Ideas - influenced by religion & philosophy-stated that all life forms on Earth have existed, unchanged, since Creation. • ~1600’s-European scholars used “empirical studies” to explain the natural world-uses Observation & Experiment to form ideas & hypotheses about nature. George-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788)-French naturalist • Noted similarities between humans and apes, speculated that they may have a common ancestor • Suggested the Earth was much older than 6000 years • Revolutionary thinking for this time! Georges Cuvier-French naturalist (1769-1832) • Cuvier is the founder of palaeontology • 1769-1832 – Theory of Catastrophism • Explained that catastrophes in the past caused the extinction of local species Georges Cuvier-French naturalist (1769-1832) Sir Charles Lyell • 1797-1875 – geologist • Uniformitarianism • Geological processes are slow & continuous rather than catastrophic • Inspired other scientists Can populations also change in slow, subtle ways? Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) French naturalist • 1809 – developed the theory ‘the inheritance of acquired characteristics’ E.g. Giraffe • Environment plays a role in use and disuse Charles Darwin (1809-1882) • At 16 was sent to medical school… he thought it was boring and found surgeries disturbing, and left • Became a clergyman & naturalist Charles Darwin (1809-1882) • John Henslow, a professor of botany, introduced Darwin to Captain FitzRoy (HMS Beagle) • On the HMS Beagle for 6 years as the ship’s naturalist • Mission was to chart the South American coast • Darwin would go ashore and collect specimens of local animals and plants, as well as fossils of extinct animals Voyage of the Beagle Charles Darwin (1809-1882) • The fossils led Darwin to believe that existing animals were descended from extinct animals • He wrote an essay on ‘Natural Selection’ in 1844 • Darwin was excessively meticulous, and didn’t publish his essay on Natural Selection On the Origin of Species • 1856, Darwin had amassed more evidence for evolution, that he re-opened his 1844 essay. • In 1858, Darwin received a letter from Alfred Russell Wallace. A naturalist working in Indonesia, that described the changing of species over time. 12 days after reading the letter, Darwin read Wallace’s letter and a portion of his 1844 essay to the Linnaean Society. • On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection was published in November 1859. It was over 1000 pages long. It sold out. Some people didn’t like it Observations p. 329, Table 8.1 Observations p. 329, Table 8.1 Observations p. 329, Table 8.1 Natural Selection Organisms produce more offspring than can survive, resulting in competition for limited resources. Individuals of a population vary, variation is heritable Individuals that are better suited to environment survive to produce more offspring Processes for change are slow and gradual Evolution = change over time, no set direction To Do List • Section 8.1 p. 327 #1 – 4, p. 331 #4-8, 11, 12, 14 • Read and make notes on ‘Evidence from Embryology & Evidence from DNA’