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2013-2014 Physical Science – Physics Teacher: Angela Costello Course Description: The Physical Science - Physics course consists of 52 lessons, which address key concepts and processes from force and motion, work, power, machines, energy, heat, and, electricity. The course presents a foundation of physics that will assist students in advanced physics courses. Concepts are explored through animations and videos. Grading Scale: A 95-100, A- 90-94, B+ 88-89, B 84-87, B- 80-83, C+ 78-79, C 74-77, C- 70-73, D+ 68-69, D 64-67, D- 60-63, E 0-59 Grading Categories: In this class your grade will consist of the following Post-tests 90% Review Test 10% Unit 1: Motion MHSCE Standards: P2.1 Position – Time; P2.2 Velocity – Time; P2.3x Frames of Reference Students will be able to: Identify the frames of reference and describe how they are used to measure motion; Distinguish between distance and displacement; Calculate displacement using vector addition Compare and contrast average speed and instantaneous speed; Interpret distance-time graphs; Describe how velocities combine; Use a distance-time graph to determine speed Identify changes in motion that produce acceleration; Calculate the acceleration of an object; Interpret speed-time and distance-time graphs; Describe instantaneous acceleration Unit 2: Forces and Motion MHSCE Standards: P3.1 Basic Forces in Nature; P3.1x Forces; P3.2 Net Forces; P3.3 Newton’s Third Law; P3.4 Forces and Acceleration Students will be able to: Describe examples of force and identify appropriate SI units used to measure force; Explain how the motion of an object is affected when balanced and unbalanced forces act on it; Compare and contrast the four kinds of friction; Describe how Earth's gravity and air resistance affect falling objects; Describe the path of a projectile and identify the forces that produce projectile motion Describe Newton's first law of motion and its relation to inertia; Describe Newton's second law of motion and use it to calculate acceleration, force, and mass values; Relate the mass of an object to its weight; Determine how length and steepness of a ramp affect the rate of acceleration on an object Explain how action and reaction forces are related according to Newton's third law of motion; Calculate the momentum of an object and describe what happens when momentum is conserved during a collision; Review the development of amusement park rides over time Identify the forms of electromagnetic force that can both attract and repel; Identify and describe the universal forces acting within the nucleus; Define Newton's law of universal gravitation and describe the factors affecting gravitational force; Describe centripetal force and the type of motion it produces Unit 3: Forces in Fluids MHSCE Standards: P3.1 Basic Forces in Nature; P3.1x Forces; P3.2 Net Forces Students will be able to: Describe and calculate pressure; Describe the relationship between water depth and the pressure it exerts; Explain how altitude affects air pressure Describe how pressure is transmitted in a fluid according to Pascal's principle; Explain how the speed and pressure of a fluid are related according to Bernoulli's principle Explain the effect of buoyancy on the apparent weight of an object; Use Archimedes' principle to explain the relationship between displacement and buoyant force; Describe the relationship between density and buoyancy Unit 4: Work, Power, and Machines MHSCE Standards: P4.1 Energy Transfer; P4.1x Energy Transfer – Work; P4.2 Energy Transformation; P4.3 Kinetic and Potential Energy; P4.3x Kinetic and Potential Energy – Calculations Students will be able to: Describe the conditions that must exist for a force to do work on an object; Calculate the work done on an object; Describe and calculate power Describe what a machine is and how it makes work easier to do; Relate the work input to a machine to the work output of the machine; Review the development of machines from the 1700s to the early 1900s Compare a machine's actual mechanical advantage to its ideal mechanical advantage; Explain why the efficiency of a machine is always less than 100%; Determine the mechanical advantage of a pair of bicycle gears Name, describe, and give an example of a lever; Name, describe, and give an example of a wheel and axle; Name, describe, and give an example of an inclined plane; Name, describe, and give examples of a wedge and a screw; Name, describe, and give examples of pulleys and pulley systems; Define and identify compound machines Unit 5: Energy MHSCE Standards: P4.1 Energy Transfer; P4.1x Energy Transfer – Work; P4.2 Energy Transformation; P4.3 Kinetic and Potential Energy; P4.3x Kinetic and Potential Energy – Calculations Students will be able to: Describe the relationship between work and energy; Relate kinetic energy to mass and speed and calculate these quantities; Analyze how potential energy is related to an object's position and give examples of gravitational and elastic potential energy; Give examples of the major forms of energy and explain how each is produced; Describe how the energy of a moving object is influenced by its mass Describe conversions of energy from one form to another; State and apply the law of conservation of energy; Analyze how energy is conserved in conversions between kinetic energy and potential energy and solve equations that equate initial energy to final energy; Describe the relationship between energy and mass and calculate how much energy is equivalent to a given mass Classify energy resources as renewable or nonrenewable; Describe ways to conserve energy resources Unit 6: Thermal Energy and Sounds MHSCE Standards: P4.1 Energy Transfer; P4.2 Energy Transformation; P4.11x Heat, Temperature, and Efficiency Students will be able to: Explain how heat and work transfer energy; Calculate thermal energy, temperature change, or mass using the specific heat equation; Describe how a calorimeter operates and calculate thermal energy changes or specific heat using calorimetry measurements Describe conduction; Describe convection; Describe radiation Apply the law of conservation energy to conversions between thermal energy and other forms of energy; Apply the second law of thermodynamics in situations where thermal energy moves from cooler to warmer objects; State the third law of thermodynamics Describe how the different types of heating systems operate; Describe how cooling systems, such as refrigerators and air conditioners, operate Unit 7: Mechanical Waves and Sounds MHSCE Standards: P4.4 Wave Characteristics; P4.4x Wave Characteristics – Calculations; P4.5 Mechanical Wave Propagation; P4.8 Wave Behavior – Reflection and Refraction; P4.8x Wave Behavior – Diffraction, Interference, and Refraction Students will be able to: Define mechanical waves and relate waves to energy; Describe transverse waves and discuss how they are produced; Describe longitudinal waves and discuss how they are produced; Describe surface waves and discuss how they are produced Define frequency, period, and wavelength and describe these properties for different kinds of waves; Solve equations relating wave speed to wavelength and frequency or period; Describe how to measure amplitude and relate amplitude to the energy of a wave Describe how reflection, refraction, and diffraction affect waves; Distinguish between constructive and destructive interference and explain how standing waves form Describe the properties of sound waves and explain how sound is produced and reproduced; Explain how relative motion determines the frequency of sound an observer hears; Read varying viewpoints on the topic of noise pollution in the ocean Analyze the functions of the main regions of the human ear; Describe how sound waves behave in applications such as ultrasound and music; Review the development of sound recording over time Unit 8: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and Light MHSCE Standards: P4.9 Nature of Light; P4.r9 Nature of Light – Wave-Particle Nature Students will be able to: Describe the characteristics of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum and how Michelson measured the speed of light; Calculate the wavelength and frequency of an electromagnetic wave given its speed; Describe the evidence for the dual nature of electromagnetic radiation; Describe how the intensity of light changes with distance from a light source Rank and classify electromagnetic waves based on their frequencies and wavelengths; Describe the uses for radio waves and infrared rays; Describe the uses for visible light, ultraviolet rays, X-rays, and gamma rays Classify materials as transparent, translucent, or opaque to visible light; Describe what happens when light is reflected, refracted, polarized, or scattered Explain how a prism disperses white light into different colors; Analyze factors that determine the color of an object; Distinguish among primary, secondary, and complementary colors of light and of pigments Unit 10: Electricity MHSCE Standards: P4.10 Current Electricity – Circuits; P4.10x Current Electricity – Ohm’s Law, Work, and Power Students will be able to: Analyze factors that affect the strength and direction of electric forces and fields; Describe how electric forces and fields affect electric charges; Describe how electric charges are transferred and explain why electric discharges occur Describe electric current and indentify the two types of current; Describe the factors that affect resistance; Explain how voltage produces electric current; Calculate voltage, current, and resistance using Ohm's law Analyze circuit diagrams for series circuits and parallel circuits; Demonstrate how current moves in parallel and series circuits; Solve equations that relate electric power to current, voltage, and electrical energy; Describe devices and procedures for maintaining electrical safety Explain how electronics conveys information with analog or digital signals; Describe electronic devices used to control electron flow; Describe how solidstate components are used in electronic devices; Read varying viewpoints on the topic of electric cars Student Aides: Study Guides Fill in the Blank Notes On-line calculators Graphing Calculators Graph Paper Science Help Websites