Download Non-vascular

ENV 311/ EEB 320
Winter 2007
A Small Tree diagram
Plants
Non-vascular
Vascular
Non-flowering
Non-seed
Seed
Flowering
Monocot
Dicot
A Small Tree diagram
Plants
Non-vascular
Vascular
Non-flowering
Non-seed
Seed
Flowering
Monocot
Dicot
Kingdom
A Small Tree Diagram:
Bryophyta
Phylum
Plantae
Non-vascular
Vascular
Bryophyta
Tracheophyta
Non-seed
Pterophyta
Non-flowering
Seed
Sphenophyta
Flowering
Pinophyta
Magnoliophyta
Family
Class
Division
Sphagnaceae
Polypodiaceae Equisetaceae
Note: Orders are not shown
Cupressaceae
Pinaceae
Monocots
Dicots
Liliopsida
Magnoliopsida
Cyperaceae
Halogoraceae
Hydrocharitaceae
Lemnaceae
Poaceae
Potamogetonaceae
Sparganiaceae
Typhaceae
Aceraceae
Betulaceae
Cornaceae
Cruciferae
Sarraceniaceae
Ericaceae
Lythraceae
Platanaceae
Salicaceae
Phylum Bryophyta
Family Sphagnaceae, Sphagnum spp.
• Sphagnum spp.
• ID: feathery foliage, often
growing in dense mats
that readily absorbs water
• Habitat: bogs, acid
wetlands, fens,
responsible for bog
formation, acid foliage
grows on itself
• Notes: mosses are
incredibly diverse and
important in aquatic
ecosystems
A Small Tree diagram
Plants
Non-vascular
Vascular
Non-flowering
Non-seed
Seed
Flowering
Monocot
Dicot
Kingdom
A Small Tree Diagram:
Pterophyta
Phylum
Plantae
Vascular
Bryophyta
Tracheophyta
Non-seed
Pterophyta
Non-flowering
Seed
Sphenophyta
Flowering
Pinophyta
Magnoliophyta
Family
Class
Division
Sphagnaceae
Polypodiaceae Equisetaceae
Note: Orders are not shown
Cupressaceae
Pinaceae
Monocots
Dicots
Liliopsida
Magnoliopsida
Cyperaceae
Halogoraceae
Hydrocharitaceae
Lemnaceae
Poaceae
Potamogetonaceae
Sparganiaceae
Typhaceae
Aceraceae
Betulaceae
Cornaceae
Cruciferae
Sarraceniaceae
Ericaceae
Lythraceae
Platanaceae
Salicaceae
Phylum Pterophyta
• Has true leaves,
roots, and stems
• Leaves are large, and
many families
demonstrate
“circinate vernation”
Family Polypodiaceae
Sensitive Fern - Onoclea sensibilis
• ID: fruiting stalk looks like
grapes, relatively simple
diamond shaped frond.
• Habitat: streamsides, wet
woods
• Notes: no seeds but
spores, ferns pre-date all
other plants except
horsetails, older than
dinosaurs
• Relatives: royal fern,
wood fern, ostrich fern
A Small Tree diagram
Plants
Non-vascular
Vascular
Non-flowering
Non-seed
Seed
Flowering
Monocot
Dicot
Kingdom
A Small Tree Diagram:
Sphenophyta
Phylum
Plantae
Vascular
Bryophyta
Tracheophyta
Non-seed
Pterophyta
Non-flowering
Seed
Sphenophyta
Flowering
Pinophyta
Magnoliophyta
Family
Class
Division
Sphagnaceae
Polypodiaceae Equisetaceae
Note: Orders are not shown
Cupressaceae
Pinaceae
Monocots
Dicots
Liliopsida
Magnoliopsida
Cyperaceae
Halogoraceae
Hydrocharitaceae
Lemnaceae
Poaceae
Potamogetonaceae
Sparganiaceae
Typhaceae
Aceraceae
Betulaceae
Cornaceae
Cruciferae
Sarraceniaceae
Ericaceae
Lythraceae
Platanaceae
Salicaceae
Phylum Sphenophyta
Horsetails
• Shoots consist of
nodes and
internodes, leaves are
whorled and scalelike
• Uses spores as the
reproductive unit
(encased in the
strobilus)
• One extant family,
Equisetaceae
Family Equisetaceae
Equisetum hyemale
• ID: green stem with
dominant ridges, no
branches or leaves.
Strobilus on top made of
sproangia.
• Habitat: disturbed wet
areas.
• Notes: stem contains
silica. Ancestors were
once the dominant plant
of the carboniferous age.
A Small Tree diagram
Plants
Non-vascular
Vascular
Non-flowering
Non-seed
Seed
Flowering
Monocot
Dicot
Kingdom
A Small Tree Diagram:
Pinophyta
Phylum
Plantae
Vascular
Bryophyta
Tracheophyta
Non-seed
Pterophyta
Non-flowering
Seed
Sphenophyta
Flowering
Pinophyta
Magnoliophyta
Family
Class
Division
Sphagnaceae
Polypodiaceae Equisetaceae
Note: Orders are not shown
Cupressaceae
Pinaceae
Monocots
Dicots
Liliopsida
Magnoliopsida
Cyperaceae
Halogoraceae
Hydrocharitaceae
Lemnaceae
Poaceae
Potamogetonaceae
Sparganiaceae
Typhaceae
Aceraceae
Betulaceae
Cornaceae
Cruciferae
Sarraceniaceae
Ericaceae
Lythraceae
Platanaceae
Salicaceae
Phylum Pinophyta
• Seed plants all of
which produce woody
stems.
• All members produce
abundant secondary
xylem and grow as
either trees or shrubs.
Family Pinacea
• Monoecious trees
with spirally arranged
leaves.
• Essentially an
evergreen group
though Larix is
deciduous.
Black Spruce - Picea mariana
• ID: Leaves stiff, foursided, dark blue-green ½"
needles borne on woody
pegs. Thin, scaly, and
grayish-brown bark.
• Habitat: Most abundant in
peat bogs and swamps,
also on transitional sites
between peatlands and
uplands.
Tamarack - Larix laricina
• ID: pegs (short
shoots) on twig
• Habitat: moist soils =
fens and bogs
(peatlands)
• Notes: only deciduous
conifer in our area
Family Cupressaceae
Northern White-Cedar - Thuja occidentalis
• ID: Has scaled leaves (not
needles). Trunk often divided
into two or more secondary
trunks. Fibrous bark,
sometimes shredding.
• Habitat: Prefers lowland sites
with strong flow of moderately
mineral-rich soil water of near
neutral pH and where the
organic peat is moderately to
well decomposed, usually 1'-6'
thick and containing rotten
wood.
• Notes: Will invade and form
even-aged stands in openings
created by windfall or cutting
and recently burned swamps.
A Small Tree diagram
Plants
Non-vascular
Vascular
Non-flowering
Non-seed
Seed
Flowering
Monocot
Dicot
Kingdom
A Small Tree Diagram:
Magnoliophyta
Phylum
Plantae
Vascular
Bryophyta
Tracheophyta
Non-seed
Pterophyta
Non-flowering
Seed
Sphenophyta
Flowering
Pinophyta
Magnoliophyta
Family
Class
Division
Sphagnaceae
Polypodiaceae Equisetaceae
Note: Orders are not shown
Cupressaceae
Pinaceae
Monocots
Dicots
Liliopsida
Magnoliopsida
Cyperaceae
Halogoraceae
Hydrocharitaceae
Lemnaceae
Poaceae
Potamogetonaceae
Sparganiaceae
Typhaceae
Aceraceae
Betulaceae
Cornaceae
Cruciferae
Sarraceniaceae
Ericaceae
Lythraceae
Platanaceae
Salicaceae
Phylum Magnoliophyta
• Phylum consisting of nearly a quarter of a
million species of angiosperms.
• Plants range in habit and form from
minute, aquatic duckweeds to giant,
buttressed forest trees.
• Plants are typified by a true flower
A Small Tree diagram
Plants
Non-vascular
Vascular
Non-flowering
Non-seed
Seed
Flowering
Monocot
Dicot
Kingdom
A Small Tree Diagram:
Liliopsida
Phylum
Plantae
Vascular
Bryophyta
Tracheophyta
Non-seed
Pterophyta
Non-flowering
Seed
Sphenophyta
Flowering
Pinophyta
Magnoliophyta
Family
Class
Division
Sphagnaceae
Polypodiaceae Equisetaceae
Note: Orders are not shown
Cupressaceae
Pinaceae
Monocots
Dicots
Liliopsida
Magnoliopsida
Cyperaceae
Halogoraceae
Hydrocharitaceae
Lemnaceae
Poaceae
Potamogetonaceae
Sparganiaceae
Typhaceae
Aceraceae
Betulaceae
Cornaceae
Cruciferae
Sarraceniaceae
Ericaceae
Lythraceae
Platanaceae
Salicaceae
Cyperaceae
Sedges - Carex spp.
• ID: flattened blades
are often keeled,
triangular at base
• Habitat: fens,
marshes, wetlands
• Notes: hundreds of
species in Michigan,
often dominate
groundcover in fens,
marshes
Halogoraceae
Milfoils - Myriophyllum spp.
• Its name comes from
Greek, "myri" meaning
"too many to count", and
"phyll", meaning "leaf“
• ID: Whorls of fine,
pinnately divided leaves.
• Habitat: submersed
aquatic environments
• Notes: Waterfowl eat the
fruits and leaves.
Muskrats eat the entire
plant.
Lemnaceae
Duckweed - Lemna spp.
• ID: Very simple plants,
lacking a stem or leaves,
but consisting of a small
bladelike structure
floating on or just under
the surface, with or
without simple rootlets.
• Habitat: floating
• Notes: An important food
source for waterfowl.
They may provide nitrate
removal.
Poaceae
Common reed - Phragmites australis
• ID: Stiff stems, erect, up to 16
ft. tall, leaves alternate along
top half of stem. “Feathery”
leaf florets.
• Habitat: Wetlands, shores, and
waters several feet deep.
• Notes: Until recently the status
of the plant as native to North
America or introduced has
been in dispute but new work
has demonstrated the
existence of native and
introduced genotypes of P.
australis
Potamogetonaceae
Pondweed - Potamogeton spp.
• ID: lots of variety between
species, most are floating
leaved, attached plants
with opposite leaves and
a pink flower in summer
• Habitat: range from
submerged to floating
leaved to emergent
• Notes: phosphorous
pump from sediments
into water column
Typhaceae
Cattails - Typha spp.
• ID: long, flat fleshy leaves,
seed head large and brown
(like a hotdog on a skewer)
• Habitat: usually
everywhere except bogs
• Notes: emergent,
extremely prolific especially
in areas of stable water
level and high nutrient
loads;
• two main species - T.
latifolia and T. angustifolia may hybridize
Sparganiaceae
Bur-reeds - Sparganium spp.
• ID: Plants slender, to
more than 2 m long;
leaves and inflorescences
usually floating.
• Habitat: Typically
emergent in shallow
water.
• Notes: Perennial, reedlike marsh plants, colonial
from rhizomes.
Hydrocharitaceae
Elodea - Elodea canadensis
• ID: Three leaves per
whorl around the stem.
• Habitat: Lives entirely
underwater, except
flowering parts. Can be
found from very shallow
to deep waters. Grows
best in silty, nutrient-rich
waters.
• Notes: Provides good
habitat for many aquatic
inverts and cover for
young fish and
amphibians. Waterfowl
eat Elodea.
A Small Tree diagram
Plants
Non-vascular
Vascular
Non-flowering
Non-seed
Seed
Flowering
Monocot
Dicot
Kingdom
A Small Tree Diagram:
Magnoliopsida
Phylum
Plantae
Vascular
Bryophyta
Tracheophyta
Non-seed
Pterophyta
Non-flowering
Seed
Sphenophyta
Flowering
Pinophyta
Magnoliophyta
Monocots
Family
Class
Division
Sphagnaceae
Liliopsida
Polypodiaceae Equisetaceae
Note: Orders are not shown
Cupressaceae
Pinaceae
Cyperaceae
Halogoraceae
Hydrocharitaceae
Lemnaceae
Poaceae
Potamogetonaceae
Sparganiaceae
Typhaceae
Dicots
Magnoliopsida
Aceraceae
Betulaceae
Cornaceae
Cruciferae
Sarraceniaceae
Ericaceae
Lythraceae
Platanaceae
Salicaceae
Aceraceae
Acer spp.
• Name derives from the
Latin “acris” (sharp), from
the hardness of the wood,
used for lances in the
past.
• ID: Opposite leaf
arrangement, with usually
palmately lobed leaves.
Distinctive “key” fruit,
shaped to distribute
seeds in the wind.
Acer negundo
“Ash-leaved Maple” or “Boxelder”
• ID: It is a small, usually
fairly short-lived tree that
grows up to 10-20 m tall,
with a trunk diameter of
30-50 cm, rarely up to 1
m diameter. The shoots
are green, often with a
whitish to pink or violet
wax coating when young.
It has pinnate leaves with
usually five (sometimes
three or seven) leaflets.
Acer rubrum
“Red maple” or “Swamp maple”
Acer saccharinum
“Silver maple”
Betulaceae
Alnus spp.
• ID: alternate leaves, blunt
ends, lenticels, cones and
male catkins, gray
branches
• Habitat: near
groundwater seeps, not
found in bogs
• Notes: very shade
intolerant. Alders
establish symbiotic
relationships with
nitrogen-fixing bacteria,
that convert N2 into soilsoluble NO3.
Cornaceae
Red-osier Dogwood – Cornus stolonifera
• ID: opposite, simple
leaves with latex veins,
red stems, green when
young, lenticels
• Habitat: streamsides,
lakeshores, wetlands
known for it propensity to
form arching stolons
• Notes: other red dogwood
(C. amomum) has hairy
twigs, and round lenticels
in similar habitat
• Relatives: flowering
dogwood, bunchberry
Cruciferae
Watercress - Rorippa spp.
• Fast-growing aquatic
or semi-aquatic
perennials native from
Europe to central Asia
• The stems of
watercress are
floating and the
leaves are pinnately
compound.
• Relatives: Egyptian
papyrus
Sarraceniaceae
Pitcher Plant - Sarracenia purpurea
• ID: leaves shaped into a
pitcher-like shape in which
water accumulates
• Habitat: sphagnum bogs and
tamarack swamps, also fens
and boggy interdunal flats and
pools, surviving in both acid
and alkaline habitats
• Notes: invertebrates fall into
accumulated, often cannot
escape because of downwardpointed hairs on the inside of
the plant. Some insects and
mites live in the water,
including the larvae of the nonbiting mosquito, Wyeomyia
smithii Coq. (Diptera:
Culicidae), which only is found
in these plants.
Ericaceae
Leatherleaf - Chamaedaphne calyculatta
• ID: leatherly leaves with
powdered undersides
(tiny hairs), distinctive
fruit
• Habitat: very open, acid
wetlands (bogs), forms
dense knee-high thickets
• Notes: member of an
acidophilic family, limited
to certain habitats,
common in northern
Michigan
• Relatives: blueberry,
huckleberry, wintergreen
Lythraceae
Purple loosestrife - Lythrum salicaria
• ID: stalks of purple
flowers growing densely
in almost pure meadows
• Habitat: streamsides,
lakeshores, marshes
• Notes: extremely
aggressive invasive
species, wiping out many
other native riparian
species, and is hard to
control.
• Relatives: waterwillow
Oleaceae
Black ash - Fraxinus nigra
• ID: Hardwood with compound
(7-11) leaflets. Branchlets
stout; dark buds; trunk lightgrey bark, soft with corky
edges. Fruit appear in May or
June, about the same time as
the leaves, and are an
elongated, winged, samara.
• Habitat: Grows in bogs, along
streams, or in poorly-drained
areas that are often seasonally
flooded. It is most common on
peat and muck soils. Grows
better in moving waters.
• Notes: The seeds are
important food for birds and
small mammals, and the twigs
and leaves provide browse for
deer.
Platanaceae
Sycamore - Platanus occidentalis
• ID: Leaves are 3 and
sometimes 5-lobed, flat
medium green in summer; fall
color is tan to brown. Its bark is
distinctive: on older trees it
peels and flakes, leaving a
lighter underbark.
• Habitat: Grows on the edge of
streams and lakes and small
depressions having slow
drainage, as well as on wet
muck land, shallow peat soils,
and soils associated with river
bottoms and flood plains.
Salicaceae
Willow - Salix spp.
• ID: narrow, toothed
leaves, single budscales,
appressed buds,
yellowish twigs
• Habitat: open wet places,
streamsides, lakeshores,
often colonizing newly
exposed ground
• Notes: trees or shrubs
with roots in water, aspirin
made from bark, cottonlike seeds are common to
family
The End