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Basic Parts of Speech Daily Grammar Practice Notes It’s Monday…where do I begin? So, you’re staring at the sentence and wondering what to label first. Try following these steps: 1. Label any nouns (are they common, proper, or possessive?). 2. Label any pronouns (see pronoun section for types and cases). 3. Label any adjectives (you know, those words describing the nouns and pronouns, including articles). 4. Label any verbs (see verb section for types, and don’t forget about tense). 5. Label any adverbs (they describe the verbs, adjectives, and even other adverbs). 6. What’s left? Prepositions? Conjunctions? Interjections? Monday Abbreviations for Monday n – common noun N – proper noun poss n – possessive noun per – personal pronoun nom – nominative obj – objective poss – possessive ref pron – reflexive pronoun inten pron – intensive pronoun rp – relative pronoun ind pron – indefinite pronoun int pron – interrogative pronoun dem pron – demonstrative pronoun adj – adjective art – article av – action verb lv – linking verb hv – helping verb Tenses – past (past), present (pres), and future (f) adv – adverb prep – preposition cc – coordinating conjunction sc – subordinating conjunction cor conj – correlative conjunction int - interjection Pronoun – takes the place of a noun Pe rso na l pro n ou n s 1st person pronouns—having to do with “ me ” (I, me, mine, we, us, our, ours) 2nd person—having to do with “ you ” (you, your, yours) 3rd person—having to do with “everyone else” (he, she, it, him, her, his, hers, its, they, them, their, theirs) Re fl exi ve p ro n ou n – ends in –self or –selves and refers back to a noun or pronoun in the sentence (myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves) Ex. John bakes all the bread himself. Intensive pronoun – ends in –self or –selves and is used as an appositive referring back to another noun or pronoun Ex. I, myself, think grammar is fantastic. Re lativ e pro no u ns - start dependent clauses; relate them to the rest of a sentence (that, which, who, whom, whose) In te rro gati ve pro n ou n s - Ask a question (Which? Whose? What? Whom? Who?) De mo n strative p ron o un s - Demonstrate which one (this, that, these, those) Plura l Singula r In de f in ite pro n ou ns - do not refer to a specific person, place, or thing Examples: each, either, neither, few, some, all, most, several, many, none, one, someone, no one, everyone, anyone, somebody, nobody, everybody, anybody, more, much, another, other, any, etc. Nomina tiv e O bjective Possessiv e I, yo u, he , she, it me , you, him, her , it my, your, his, her, its, mine , yours we, you, they U s, you, them our, your, their , ours, yours, their s Noun – a person, place, thing, or idea Common noun - names a general noun and begins with lowercase letter (Examples: cow, city, desk, happiness) Proper noun - names a specific noun and begins with a capital letter (Examples: Pennsylvania, Mrs. Brown, Apple Inc.) Possessive no un – a noun which shows ownership (Examples: d og’s, Mind y’s, boys’, Mrs. Evans’s) Personal Pronouns - Case? Case shows the relatio nship of the pronoun to the rest of the sentence. Nominative case: is a pronoun used as a subject Possessive case: is a pronoun that shows ownership Objective case: is a pronoun used as a direct or indirect object, object of a preposition, or appositive 2 Mo d if ier Adjective – word that modifies a noun or pronoun; answers: Which one? What kind? or How many? s! An adjective “qualifies” or “modifies” a noun: Sue has a big dog. Adjectives can be used before a noun: I like blue food. Of after certain verbs: The test is hard. We can often use two or more adjectives together: Sally is a beautiful, young lady. Adverb – word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb; answers: How? When? Where? or To what extent? Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives: Positive = pretty, nice, fun Comparative = prettier, nicer, more fun Superlative = prettiest, nicest, most fun Often adverbs tell about the verb: John speaks loudly. (How does John speak?) Articles are Adjectives! a, an, the She went home yesterday. (When did she go home?) Mary lives locally. (Where does Mary live?) Predicate Adjectives -‐Found in the predicate -‐Follows a linking verb -‐Refers back to the subject of the sentence But adverbs can also modify adjectives (Tara is really beautiful), or even other adverbs (It works very well). Look at these examples: S lv p a Tom is strong. Proper Adjective Proper noun being used as an adjective Modify an adjective: -‐ He is really handsome. (How handsome is h e? ) -‐ That was extremely kind of you. Modify another adverb: -‐ She drives incredibly slowly. (How slowly does she drive?) -‐ He drives extremely fast. Chris loves Italian food. *Capitalize only the adjective (Ex. Mexican food, Spanish music) Adverb tips: ~often end in -‐ly ~very, not, & never are always adverbs 3 Verbs - Action, Linking, & Helping VERB – words that show action o r help to make a statement Action verb - shows action Example: She wrote a note. Sarah smelled the flower. Linking verb - links two words together Commonly used linking verbs: am, is, was, were, be, being, been, appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste Examples: Jenn is a cheerleader. *”is” links subject (Jenn) to the predicate nominative (cheerleader) *Lin calle king ve r whe d state bs can link n nothi -of -bein also be ed. ng i s be g verbs ing We a re at o Ba s ur s ic se c ho * Sh ol. n t ows ence : We a st ate a of e re. xiste nce The flower smells nice. *”smells” links subject (flower) to predicate adjective (nice) Verb Tenses 3 Basic Tenses: past – happened previously (jumped, ran, fell) present - happening now (jump, run, f all) future – will happen in the future (will jump, will run, will fall) The dog smells the flower. *BE CAREFUL - smells is an action verb in this sentence Regular vs. Irregular Helping verb - a verb that combines with another verb in a verb phrase Commonly used helping verbs: am, is, was, were, be, being, been, will, would, can, could, shall, should, may, might, must, have, has, had, do, does, did, ought Examples: hv hv av We have been taking notes all day. *have and been are helping; taking is main verb hv lv She will be cold without a jacket. *will is helping; be is main verb If a ve rb ph ra se h a s fo u r v er bs, the f ir st thr ee a re h el ping. If it ha s th re e, th e f ir st two a re h e lpi ng, e tc. 4 Regular = ad d –ed to past tense jump = jumped hop = hopped Irregular = changes f orm run = ran teach = taught Interjections, Conjunctions, & Prepositions IN TERJECTION - an exclamatory word that has no direct relationship to any othe r word in the sentence but modifies the se nt ence as a whole. * It can b e fo ll ow ed b y an ex clamati on ma rk or by a c omma. Wo w! That was ama zin g. Wo w, th at was a mazin g. CONJUNCTION - joins words, phrases, and clauses Coordinating conjunction – connects words, phrases, and clauses of equal rank FANBOYS – for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so We want soda o r ice cream. (joins words) I cleaned in the house an d on the deck. (joins phrases) She ran home so he walked to the store. (joins clauses) Subordinating conjunction - starts dependent clauses (and therefore must be followed by a subject and verb) Examples: after, since, before, while, because, although, so that, if, when, whenever, as, even though, until, unless, as if, etc. I want to play ball u nti l it gets dark tonight/ Tom will travel to Europe if his parents allow it. *Sometimes the dependent clause comes first, so the sentence actually starts with the subordinating conjunction. It i s stil l b ei ng use d to jo in th e two id ea s. Wh e ne ve r we lose, I practice more the next day. Sin ce I like eggs, I love to cook breakfast. Correlative conjunctions - Work in pairs Examples: both/and, neither/nor, either/or, not only/but also B oth Sheila an d I are going to the dance. PREPOSITION - shows a relatio nship betwe en a no un or pronoun and some othe r word in the sentence; it alway s begins prepositional phrases and takes an object of the preposition (OP) Commonly Used Prepositions: aboard, about, above, across, after, against, along, amid, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, into, near, of, off, on, onto, outside, over, past, per, plus, regarding, since, than, through, to, toward, under, underneath, until, up, upon, with, within, without OP We went (to school). prep OP We went (up the stairs). prep Examples -