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Basic Parts of Speech
Daily Grammar Practice Notes
It’s Monday…where
do I begin?
So, you’re staring at the sentence
and wondering what to label first.
Try following these steps:
1. Label any nouns (are they common, proper, or
possessive?).
2. Label any pronouns (see pronoun section for types
and cases).
3. Label any adjectives (you know, those words
describing the nouns and pronouns, including articles).
4. Label any verbs (see verb section for types, and
don’t forget about tense).
5. Label any adverbs (they describe the verbs,
adjectives, and even other adverbs).
6. What’s left? Prepositions?
Conjunctions? Interjections?
Monday
Abbreviations for Monday
n – common noun
N – proper noun
poss n – possessive noun
per – personal pronoun
nom – nominative
obj – objective
poss – possessive
ref pron – reflexive pronoun
inten pron – intensive pronoun
rp – relative pronoun
ind pron – indefinite pronoun
int pron – interrogative pronoun
dem pron – demonstrative pronoun
adj – adjective
art – article
av – action verb
lv – linking verb
hv – helping verb
Tenses – past (past), present (pres),
and future (f)
adv – adverb
prep – preposition
cc – coordinating conjunction
sc – subordinating conjunction
cor conj – correlative conjunction
int - interjection
Pronoun – takes the place of a noun
Pe rso na l pro n ou n s 1st person pronouns—having to do with “ me ”
(I, me, mine, we, us, our, ours)
2nd person—having to do with “ you ”
(you, your, yours)
3rd person—having to do with “everyone else”
(he, she, it, him, her, his, hers, its, they, them, their,
theirs)
Re fl exi ve p ro n ou n – ends in –self or –selves and refers
back to a noun or pronoun in the sentence (myself, yourself,
himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves)
Ex. John bakes all the bread himself.
Intensive pronoun – ends in –self or –selves and is used as
an appositive referring back to another noun or pronoun
Ex. I, myself, think grammar is fantastic.
Re lativ e pro no u ns - start dependent clauses; relate them
to the rest of a sentence (that, which, who, whom, whose)
In te rro gati ve pro n ou n s - Ask a question
(Which? Whose? What? Whom? Who?)
De mo n strative p ron o un s - Demonstrate which one
(this, that, these, those)
Plura l
Singula r
In de f in ite pro n ou ns - do not refer to a specific person,
place, or thing
Examples: each, either, neither, few, some, all, most,
several, many, none, one, someone, no one, everyone,
anyone, somebody, nobody, everybody, anybody, more,
much, another, other, any, etc.
Nomina tiv e
O bjective
Possessiv e
I, yo u, he ,
she, it
me , you,
him, her ,
it
my, your,
his, her,
its, mine ,
yours
we, you,
they
U s, you,
them
our, your,
their ,
ours,
yours,
their s
Noun – a person, place,
thing, or idea
Common noun - names a
general noun and begins with
lowercase letter (Examples:
cow, city, desk, happiness)
Proper noun - names a specific
noun and begins with a capital
letter (Examples:
Pennsylvania, Mrs. Brown,
Apple Inc.)
Possessive no un – a noun
which shows ownership
(Examples: d og’s, Mind y’s,
boys’, Mrs. Evans’s)
Personal Pronouns - Case?
Case shows the relatio nship of the
pronoun to the rest of the sentence.
Nominative case: is a pronoun used as a subject
Possessive case: is a pronoun that shows ownership
Objective case: is a pronoun used as a direct or indirect
object, object of a preposition, or appositive
2
Mo
d if
ier
Adjective – word that modifies a
noun or pronoun; answers: Which
one? What kind? or How many?
s!
An adjective “qualifies” or “modifies” a noun: Sue has a big dog. Adjectives can be used before a noun: I like blue food. Of after certain verbs: The test is hard. We can often use two or more adjectives together: Sally is a beautiful, young lady. Adverb – word that modifies a verb,
adjective, or another adverb;
answers: How? When? Where? or
To what extent?
Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives: Positive = pretty, nice, fun Comparative = prettier, nicer, more fun Superlative = prettiest, nicest, most fun Often adverbs tell about the verb: John speaks loudly. (How does John speak?) Articles are Adjectives! a, an, the She went home yesterday. (When did she go home?) Mary lives locally. (Where does Mary live?) Predicate Adjectives
-­‐Found in the predicate -­‐Follows a linking verb -­‐Refers back to the subject of the sentence But adverbs can also modify adjectives (Tara is really beautiful), or even other adverbs (It works very well). Look at these examples: S lv p a Tom is strong. Proper Adjective Proper noun being used as an adjective Modify an adjective: -­‐ He is really handsome. (How handsome is h e? ) -­‐ That was extremely kind of you. Modify another adverb: -­‐ She drives incredibly slowly. (How slowly does she drive?) -­‐ He drives extremely fast. Chris loves Italian food. *Capitalize only the adjective (Ex. Mexican food, Spanish music)
Adverb tips: ~often end in -­‐ly ~very, not, & never are always adverbs
3
Verbs - Action, Linking, & Helping
VERB – words that show action o r help
to make a statement
Action verb - shows action
Example:
She wrote a note.
Sarah smelled the flower.
Linking verb - links two words together
Commonly used linking verbs: am, is, was,
were, be, being, been, appear, become, feel,
grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay,
taste
Examples:
Jenn is a cheerleader.
*”is” links subject (Jenn) to
the predicate nominative
(cheerleader)
*Lin
calle king ve
r
whe d state bs can
link n nothi -of -bein also be
ed.
ng i
s be g verbs
ing
We
a re
at o
Ba s
ur s
ic se
c ho
* Sh
ol.
n
t
ows ence
: We
a st
ate
a
of e re.
xiste
nce
The flower smells nice.
*”smells” links subject (flower) to predicate adjective (nice)
Verb Tenses
3 Basic Tenses:
past – happened previously
(jumped, ran, fell)
present - happening now
(jump, run, f all)
future – will happen in the
future
(will jump, will run, will
fall)
The dog smells the flower.
*BE CAREFUL - smells is an action verb in this sentence
Regular vs. Irregular
Helping verb - a verb that combines with another
verb in a verb phrase
Commonly used helping verbs: am, is, was, were, be, being, been, will,
would, can, could, shall, should, may, might, must, have, has, had, do,
does, did, ought
Examples:
hv hv
av
We have been taking notes all day.
*have and been are helping; taking is main verb
hv lv
She will be cold without a jacket.
*will is helping; be is main verb
If a ve rb ph ra se h a s fo u r v er bs, the f ir st thr ee a re h el ping.
If it ha s th re e, th e f ir st two a re h e lpi ng, e tc.
4
Regular = ad d –ed to past
tense
jump = jumped
hop = hopped
Irregular = changes f orm
run = ran
teach = taught
Interjections, Conjunctions, & Prepositions
IN TERJECTION - an exclamatory word that
has no direct relationship to any othe r
word in the sentence but modifies the
se nt ence as a whole.
* It can b e fo ll ow ed b y an ex clamati on ma rk or by a c omma.
Wo w! That was ama zin g.
Wo w, th at was a mazin g.
CONJUNCTION - joins words,
phrases, and clauses
Coordinating conjunction – connects words, phrases, and
clauses of equal rank
FANBOYS – for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
We want soda o r ice cream. (joins words)
I cleaned in the house an d on the deck. (joins phrases)
She ran home so he walked to the store. (joins clauses)
Subordinating conjunction - starts dependent clauses
(and therefore must be followed by a subject and verb)
Examples: after, since, before, while, because, although,
so that, if, when, whenever, as, even though, until,
unless, as if, etc.
I want to play ball u nti l it gets dark tonight/
Tom will travel to Europe if his parents allow it.
*Sometimes the dependent clause comes first, so the
sentence actually starts with the subordinating
conjunction. It i s stil l b ei ng use d to jo in th e two
id ea s.
Wh e ne ve r we lose, I practice more the next day.
Sin ce I like eggs, I love to cook breakfast.
Correlative conjunctions - Work in pairs
Examples: both/and, neither/nor, either/or, not only/but
also
B oth Sheila an d I are going to the dance.
PREPOSITION - shows a
relatio nship betwe en a no un
or pronoun and some othe r
word in the sentence; it
alway s begins prepositional
phrases and takes an object
of the preposition (OP)
Commonly Used Prepositions:
aboard, about, above, across, after, against,
along, amid, among, around, at, before,
behind, below, beneath, beside, between,
beyond, by, down, during, except, for, from, in,
inside, into, near, of, off, on, onto, outside,
over, past, per, plus, regarding, since, than,
through, to, toward, under, underneath, until,
up, upon, with, within, without
OP
We went (to school).
prep
OP
We went (up the stairs).
prep
Examples -