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Welcome Back! Bell ringer… Agenda and Objective: Through notes and discussion students with define the Renaissance and identify differences between the Renaissance and M.A. Review…Why the “Dark Ages?” (Six Causes) FRIDAY’S QUIZ: Review “Prelude to the Modern World.” article Review…Why the “Dark Ages?” (Six Causes) (1) Great Famine (1315-1322) From the Apocalypse in a Biblia Pauperum illuminated at Erfurt around the time of the Great Famine. Death sits astride a lion whose long tail ends in a ball of flame (Hell). Famine points to her hungry mouth. (2) Black Death (1348) Boccaccio in The Decameron: The victims ate lunch with their friends and dinner with their ancestors. (3) Hundred Years’ War (ca 1337-1453) ENGLAND VS. FRANCE Battle of Sluys (1340). Illustration from a manuscript of Froissart’s Chronicles. (4) Church in Decline (5) Fur collar crime Nobles attack rich and poor to raise money (6) Peasant Revolts Jacquerie (1358) Causes: Long-term socioeconomic grievances 100 Years War – taxation Result: Crushed by nobility English Peasants’ Revolt (1381) Causes: Long-term socioeconomic grievances (Statute of Laborers freezes wages) Urging by preachers 100 Years War – French raids Head tax on adult males Result: Crushed by Richard II but serfdom disappeared by 1550 Society Life went on even in the face of calamity. What did 14th c. society look like? Marriage & Family Arranged Based on economics (vs. ♥) Age: men in mid-late 20s, women <20 Children = objects of affection No divorce (annulments in rare cases) Prostitution Legal & regulated Not respected Urban Life in the Parish Work Recreation Rural: farming Aristocracy: tournaments Urban: craft guilds – hard to Commoners: archery, enter (more open postplague) Women “inferior” limited opportunities wrestling, alcohol Both: “blood sports,” executions Religion Central to life lay control over parish affairs Race & Ethnicity on the Frontiers Migration of peoples to frontier regions “race”/“ethnicity” = used to mean language, customs, laws (vs. blood) Legal dualism: natives subject to local laws & newcomers subject to laws of former homeland As time passed, moved away from legal dualism toward homogeneity & emphasis on blood descent Vernacular Literature Dante, Divine Commedy (Italy) Chaucer, Canterbury Tales (England) Villon, Lais & Grand Testament (France) Christine de Pisan, The City of Ladies, etc. (France) lay literacy – due to needs of commerce & gov’t. Dante Christine de Pisan presenting her book to the Queen of France 14th – 16th Century (1350-1600) 1. What does the term Renaissance mean? 2. Why did it begin in Italy? 3. How was the Renaissance manifested in politics, government, and social organization 4. What were the intellectual and artistic hallmarks of the Renaissance? 5. Did the Renaissance involve shifts in religious attitudes? 6. What developments occurred in the evolution of the Nation-State? First things first What do you think the term Renaissance means? Departure from the Middle Ages “rebirth” – revival of classical learning, character, and life Beginning of the Modern Era Changes in Art, Architecture, Literature, Science, Technology, Politics, Religion TWO FLAVORS – ITALIAN, NORTHERN The Birth of the Modern World what events mark the birth of the Modern World 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. the Renaissance the rise of the nation state discovery of the New World widespread use of the printing press the Reformation the Scientific Revolution these are the topics we’ll deal with over the next month Vitruvian Man drawn by Leonardo in 1487 it has become an iconic symbol what does it represent? Welcome Back! Bell Ringer: Define the Renaissance. What are some events that marked the birth of the Modern World? Agenda and Objective: Through notes and class discussion, students will identify characteristics of the Italian Renaissance, why it started in Italy, and how Florence became the most influence city during the Italian Renaissance. French “rebirth” Intellectual and cultural transformation of Europe Giorgio Visari (1511-1574) – Lives of the Most Excellent Italian Architects, Painter, Sculptors (1550) – rinascita – Italian “rebirth” Jacob Burckhardt The Civilization of the Renaissance of Italy (1860) Italy, France, Spain, Low Countries, central Europe Geographically – Florence “birthplace” Italy Emphasis on the individual New World View Moral and personal gradual shift from religion Italian Renaissance Basics The Italian Peninsula: location at geographic center of the Mediterranean •allowed for contact with advanced Arab civilization •allowed easy access to & inspiration from classical civilizations (Ancient Greece & Rome) •ideal for trade between Eastern Mediterranean & Western Europe Renaissance wealth •trade (ex. silk, spices, glass, jewelry) •Politics (oligarchy) •banking (ex. the Medici family) •allowed nobles and merchants to enjoy secular lives: comfortable palaces, grand banquets, patrons of the arts (sculpture, painting, architecture) 500-1500 C.E. Battle of Hastings (1066), Magna Carta (1215) Charlemagne (r. 768-814) Guilds, Universities The Black Death (1347) The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) Middle Ages – Dominated by Agriculture and The Church Dance of Death (1493) During the Middle Ages or socalled “Dark Ages” only civilizing agent remained The Roman Catholic Church Latin predominant language – literate mostly clergy Most people saw themselves as part of a larger community Little “self-awareness” Largely spiritual Northern Italy – market economy – banking, wool trade Crusades (1095-?) new wealth and ideas Enlarged merchant class, literate and with leisure No single controlling authority in Italy “Economic growth laid the material basis for the Italian Renaissance” - McKay Glory of the rich and powerful (CHURCH?) Patronize the Arts Geographical position – crossroads of trade Commercial competition b/w city-states Venice, Genoa, Milan Powerful merchants controlled politics Medici Family Politically unstable Review! List two characteristics that defined a break between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance List two reasons was Italy became the center of the Renaissance Politics of the Renaissance (Pages 409-412,415) Politics and the Rise of the City States Competition among city- The political disunity of the states meant that Italy did not unify politically In effect, an early balance-ofpower pattern emerged where weaker states would ally with other states to prevent a single state from dominating the peninsula Italian city-states led to their downfall in the late-15th and early 16th centuries when French and Spanish armies invaded Italy. Condottieri: mercenary generals of private armies hired by cities for military purposes Welcome Back! Bell Ringer: Review for Quiz! Agenda and Objective: Through notes and discussion, students will identify the causes for the rise and fall of the Italian city states during the Renaissance. Communes – merchants guilds northern Italian cities Republics – power reside with people – popolo – (middle class) excluded from gov’t rose up to overthrow city gov’t and establish republics (or façade?) *Oligarchs - ruled by an elite wealthy few – merchant aristocracies Signori – one man ruled Rise of the Italian City-States Northern Italian cities developed international trade: Genoa, Venice, Milan Signori (despots) or oligarchies (rule of merchant aristocracies) controlled much of Italy by 1300 Commenda: Contract between merchant and merchantadventurer who agreed to take goods to distant locations and return with the proceeds As a result, Italy became more urban: more towns and cities with significant populations than anywhere else in Europe at this Capital of Tuscany Republic Guilds – Goldsmiths, Lawyers, Merchants (wool & silk), Poets Il Dumo 100 years dome remained unfinished The City States Republic of Florence (included Cosimo de’ Medici (1389- Republic of Genoa) Center of the Renaissance during the 14th and 15th centuries. Dominated by the Medici family 1464): allied with other powerful families of Florence and became unofficial ruler of the republic Most powerful of the Medici rulers Lorenzo de’ Medici (the “Magnificent”) (1449- 92): significant patron of the arts (son of Cosimo) Status and power – not thru warfare, marriage, or inheritance COMMERCE – Wool Industry, “God’s Banker” – Papal Banking Giovanni de Medici (1360-1429) – Founder Cosimo de Medici (r. 1434-1464) – “The Elder” Lorenzo de Medici ( r. 1469-1492) – “The Magnificent” Pope Leo X (1513-1521), Pope Clement VII (1523-1534) Communes – merchants guilds northern Italian cities Republics – power reside with people – popolo – (middle class) excluded from gov’t rose up to overthrow city gov’t and establish republics (or façade?) Oligarchs - ruled by an elite wealthy few – merchant aristocracies Signori – one man ruled Bell Ringer Review! What was the most powerful city state in Italy? Give one example of how these city states were run (type of government) Who was considered the most powerful family during the Renaissance? Objective… ARCHITECTURE Brunelleschi’s Duomo Uffizi Gallery Palazzo Medici ART Donatello’s David Michelangelo's David, The Last Judgment Botticelli’s Birth of Venus Basilica of San Lorenzo “Chapel of Princes” Medici Tomb Michelangelo “New Sacristy” (1520) Duchy of Milan The peace was, in part, a ruled by Sforza family after 1450 was a major enemy of Venice and Florence until the Peace of Lodi (1454) created a relative 40year period of peace in northern Italy response to concerns over the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople a year earlier. Created a stable balance of power for a time The Rest… Rome, the Papal States: popes served both as religious and political leaders; controlled much of central Italy Venice, Venetian Republic Longest lasting of the Italian states (did not succumb to foreign powers until Napoleon conquered it in the early 1800s) Greatest maritime power in Italy and one of the world‘s great naval and trading powers during the 14th and 15th centuries. Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Included southern Italian region of Naples and the island of Sicily Only Italian city-state to officially have a king Controlled by France between 1266-1435 Controlled by Spain after 1435 Philosophy of The Renaissance (Pages 412-421) Today’s Objective: To understand the components of Humanism and its impact on the politics of the Renaissance Activity! identify positions that call for leadership—from leader of a service organization to leader of a country what are skills that leaders should have? What skills, traits, or powers that a leader should have to get ahead or get things done? Welcome Back! Bell Ringer… Compare your answers and Venn Diagram with your neighbor regarding The Prince Agenda and Objective: 1. By reviewing the Prince, students will identify Machiavelli’s qualities of a good leader. 2. Through notes and Art discussion, students will be able to define Humanism and its impact of the Renaissance as well as important Humanistic artists. Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) The Prince (1513) Rulers had to be practical and The quintessential political cunning, in addition to being aggressive and ruthless Sack of Rome in 1527 by armies of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (who was also king of Spain) symbolized the end of the Renaissance in Italy treatise of the 16th century Observed the political leadership of Cesare Borgia (son of Pope Alexander VI) who had ambitions of uniting Italy under his control Stated that politically, ―the ends justifies the means The Prince Create a Venn diagram that shows the following: In the overlapping area, what both you and Machiavelli think of as essential traits, skills, or powers of a leader of a nation On the left, what you look for in a leader of a nation but Machiavelli doesn't On the right, what Machiavelli wants in a leader of a nation but you don’t. The Prince! Chapter 17 Should a leader be loved or feared in ruling over the people? Which type would be more successful? Why? Chapter 18 What makes a good leader? Is being honest a good policy in the realm of politics? Why/why not? Decline of City States French invasions began in 1494 (―First Italian War) This was the beginning of foreign invasions throughout the Italian peninsula. Florence -When Florence attempted to appease France during its invasion in 1494, it led to the overthrow of the Medici family. Girolamo Savonarola became the unofficial leader of Florence between 1494 and 1498. Dominican Friar earlier predicted the French invasions due to paganism and moral decay in the Italian city-states became a puppet of the Frenchimprisoned and then burned at the stake. Savonarola: Reflections On “Florence was surprised to discover that the swarthy preacher [Savonarola] who a decade before had chilled them with argument, could now awe them with apocalyptic fantasies, thrill them with vivid descriptions of the paganism, corruption, and immorality of their neighbor, lift up their souls to repentance and hope, and renew in them the full intensity of the faith that had inspired and terrified their youth: Ye women, who glory in your ornaments, your hair, your hands, I tell you you are all ugly. Would you see true beauty? Look at the pious man or woman in whom spirit dominates matter; watch him when he prays, when a ray of the divine beauty glows upon him when his prayer is ended; you will see the beauty of God shining in his face, you will behold it as it were the face of an angel. ....The literature and art, said Savonarola, are pagan; the humanists merely pretend to be Christians; those ancient authors whom they so sedulously exhume and edit and praise are strangers to Christ and the Christian virtues, and their art is an idolatry of heathen gods, or a shameless display of naked women and men AP European History •” The Italian Renaissance • J.F. Walters & G.W.Whitton Source: The Story of Civilization: The Reformation, Will Durant (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1957), pp. 145-46. Humanism Humanism Based on secularism and individualism based on the classics, the literary works of ancient Greece and Rome. studied the subjects that are now known as the humanities—for example, poetry, philosophy, and history. Virtú: ―the quality of being a man; idea of excelling in all of one‘s pursuits Renaissance Man – the gentleman has the ability to do many things well: academically, socially, politically, culturally Thus, a gentleman should develop every aspect of his personality Free, Intelligent, trusting in his ideas Humanism Through ART and Literature Western Europe – rise of monarchial states – Spain, France, England Central Europe – Florence, Switzerland, Venice – self-rule republics Eastern Europe – Holy Roman Empire (HRE), Poland-Lithuania, Ottoman Empire Map – Lynn Hunt Welcome back! Bell Ringer With a partner, go over your reading questions Agenda- review northern renaissance thought in literature and art Objectives- Understand the differences between Italian and Northern Renaissance Humanists Welcome Back! Bell Ringer: Compare with your neighbor your list of positions of power, and the characteristics of power people (leaders) For Tuesday: Come prepared to discuss Renaissance Humanism Agenda and Objective: Through a reading activity, students will able to understand Renaissance Politics as well as identify Point of View (P.O.V) Welcome Back! Bell Ringer- Quiz! 1. Define Humanism 2. What is “Virtu?” 3. Humanism promoted what two concepts? 4. What does it mean to be a Renaissance Man? 5. What are the characteristics of Christian Humanism? Today’s Agenda and Objective: Through notes and readings students will be able to define Humanism and its impact of the Renaissance as well as important Humanistic authors Renaissance Humanism: New Conception of Life secularism: valued life on earth •there was more to life than trying to achieve salvation (heaven) •wealth was to be enjoyed •stressed an active life •civic responsibilities important •looked to classical Europe (Greece & Rome) for models, inspiration & heroes promoted individualism •optimistic about the range of human powers • stressed importance of individual attainments •argued that humans were the shaper of their own destiny • religion was still incredibly important but religion was interpreted more humanistically (“the humanization of the divine”) Northern Renaissance Christian Humanism: Emphasis on early Church writings that provided answers on how to improve society and reform the Church Christian Humanism (Northern Renaissance) Emphasis on early Church writings that provided answers on how to improve society and reform the Church Less emphasis on pagan works from ancient Greece and Rome Drew on Hebrew and Greek texts of the Bible and the writings of the Church Fathers. Emphasized education and power of human intellect to bring about institutional change and moral improvement. Writings led to criticism of the church thus leading to the Reformation Readings on Humanism Be ready to discuss Answer the questions Also, by Monday have provided (highlight in text) Be ready to discuss with your group. (similarities/differences) section on social classes and last page of your graphic organizer completed. Thursday- ART!!! Welcome Back! Bell Ringer Review with your neighbor the three primary documents and their relationship to Humanism. Agenda and Objective: Through notes and discussion students will 1. evaluate Humanist writers 2. Identify characteristics of Renaissance Art. Some Italian Humanists Petrarch (1304-1374)—the “father of humanism” Claimed that the Middle Ages were the “Dark Ages” perhaps the first to use critical textual analysis to ancient texts. Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494) Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486) most famous Renaissance work on the nature of humankind. Humans were created by God and therefore given tremendous potential for greatness, and even union with God if they desired it. Baldassare Castiglione (14781529) The Book of the Courtier Described the ideal of a (1528) Perhaps most important work on Renaissance education Specified qualities necessary to be a true gentleman “Renaissance man” virtú Writers Erasmus (1466-1536) Most famous and celebrated of all northern humanists In Praise of Folly (1513) Criticized immorality and hypocrisy of Church leaders and the clergy. The book inspired renewed calls for reform, and influenced Martin Luther. Thomas More (1478-1536) Utopia (1516) Mixes civic humanism with religious ideals to describe a perfect (utopian) society located on an imaginary island More sees the accumulation of property as a root cause for society’s ills; a few have it—most don’t Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616) Don Quixote (1605-15 Among the greatest pieces of Spanish literature Critical of excessive religious idealism and chivalric romance François Rabelais (1494-1553) secular writings portrayed his confidence in human nature and reflected Renaissance tastes Gargantua and Pantagruel (1532-1542) A folk epic and comic masterpiece that satirized French society. Attacked clerical education and monastic orders; championed secular learning William Shakespeare (1564-1616) Greatest of the English Renaissance authors works reflected the Renaissance ideas of classical Greek and Roman culture, individualism and humanism Wrote comedies, tragedies, histories and sonnets Bell Ringer! Compare and contrast one Italian and Northern Renaissance writer Objectives- finish Northern Renaissance, Review how Renaissance thought impacted the State For Thursday- Social Classes and review! Northern Renaissance Art mannerism Spain: El Greco (1541-1614) Reaction against the Renaissance ideals of balance, symmetry, simplicity and realistic use of color High Renaissance had taken art to perfection; there was little that could be done to improve it; thus, mannerists rebelled against it Works often used unnatural colors while shapes were elongated or otherwise exaggerated Flemish style Heavily influenced by the Italian Renaissance More detail throughout paintings (especially the background) than the Italian Renaissance Use of oil paints (in contrast to Italian Renaissance that used tempera) More emotional than the Italian style Works often preoccupied with death Jan Van Eyck (c. 1339- c. 1441) Most famous and innovative Flemish painter of the 15th century Perfected oil painting Naturalistic wood panel paintings used much religious symbolism. Arnolfini and his Wife (1434) is perhaps his most famous work. Bosch (c. 1450-1516) Master of symbolism and fantasy His art often looks surrealistic (like Dali of the 20thcentury) and focused often on death and the torments of Hell. Works reflect confusion and anguish that people felt in the Later Middle Ages Death and the Miser (c. 1490) Garden of Earthly Delights Germans Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528) Foremost northern Renaissance artist. First northerner artist to master Italian Renaissance techniques of proportion, perspective Hans Holbein the Younger (1497-1543) Premier portrait artist of his era: painted Erasmus, More, numerous portraits of King Henry VIII and also his family members The Ambassadors (1533) encompasses some of the major themes of the era: exploration, religious discord, preoccupation with death and the rising tide of international relations in an age of expansion Bell Ringer In your group, Discuss 1, the effects of the Renaissance on social classes and 2. the formation of nation states during this time. Agenda/objective- Through group discussion, students will analyze the impact of the Renaissance on social classes as well as the rise of the Nation state. Welcome Back! Bell Ringer: With your index card…. On each side… 1. Evaluate the impact of the Renaissance on specific social classes. 2. Evaluate the importance of the formation of nation states during this time. Agenda/objective Through group discussion, students will analyze the impact of the Renaissance on social classes as well as the rise of the Nation state. MC TEST TOMORROW!!! Social Relationships during the Renaissance Race Group by blood (i.e. Jews) and Were seen as a source of tradition, language, and customs. By the 1400s, black Africans entered Europe through the Portuguese slave trade. Many began to intermingle and intermarry with white Europeans (i.e. Iberian peninsula) domestic servitude, manual labor, as well as entertainment. European attitudes seem ambivalent. Class Medieval period- organized in Many moved into the nobility to orders/estates Difference in rights between noble and commoner. By 14th century came the development of hierarchy of wealth. class. Created sumptuary laws. Peasants and Townspeople Peasants Peasants: 85 – 90 percent of population Decline of manorial system and serfdom Urban Society Patricians shopkeepers, artisans, guildmasters, and guildsmen The poor and unemployed Social Norms in Renaissance Italy Fundamentally divided: First, Second, and Third Estates Valued duty and service to the state Families: Patriarchal, patria potesta head of the fam. sons had to be liberated in their 20s or 30s Daughters were married off as early as their midteens, arranged for financial benefit Slavery: 10% of Italian pop. in 1400 was slaves. Mostly domestic servants. Declined in the 15th C. Gender Wealthy women Querelles des Femmes (“The Problem of Women”): A new debate emerged over the proper role of women in society (starting with Christine de Pisan in the 14th century); the debate continued for six hundred years. Women enjoyed increased access to education; However, lost some status compared to women in the Middle Ages women functioned now as “ornaments” to their middleclass or upper-class husbands education and culture Women were to make 1. 2. themselves pleasing to the man (Castiglione)- only applied to the upper classes Sexual double-standard: women were to remain chaste until marriage; men were permitted to “sow their wild oats.” Important Renaissance noblewomen at court: Christine de Pisan Isabella d’Este Isabella d’ Este well educated woman from noble Italian family skilled musician (espoused ideas of Castiglione’s Book of the Courtier ) known as the “The First Lady of the Renaissance” collector of Roman art & coins many new buildings and sculptures were commissioned by her Christine de Pisan The City of Ladies (1405); The Book of Three Virtues Chronicle of accomplishments of great women of history. Renaissance woman’s survival manual. Perhaps Europe’s first feminist Extremely well-educated in France. Politics and the State Consolidated power and created the foundation for Europe’s first modern nation-states in France, England and Spain. Reduced the power of the nobility through taxation, confiscation of lands (from uncooperative nobles), and the hiring of mercenary armies or the creation of standing armies Reduced the political power of the clergy Created more efficient bureaucracies France Political and economic recovery began after the Hundred Years’ War. Louis XI “Spider King” (r. 1461-83) Francis I (r. 1515-1547): Condordat of Bologna (1516): The king of France now had power to appoint bishops to the Gallican (French) Church. England: Henry VII (r. 1489-1509): Nobles were tried without a Reduced the influence of jury, could not confront witnesses, and were often tortured Nobles were not allowed to have private armies with their own insignias the nobility, in part, through the Star Chamber (secret trials) Spain Marriage of Ferdinand of hermandades: alliances of Aragon (r. 1478-1516) & Isabella of Castile (r. 14741504): unified Spain 1492, Reconquista cities to oppose nobles, helped bring cities in line with royal authority Spanish Inquisition conversos: Jews who had converted to Christianity but were now suspected of backsliding into Judaism Weakening of Church Authority Modern frame of mind emerges Revival of Classical style, ideas, text Improved technology – Printing Use of vernacular Increasing self-awareness – “know thyself Continued subordination of women Life in the present can be improved, not just in the hereafter Greater interest in science, exploring unknown Awesome ART!