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SOCIAL STUDIES GATEWAY
AREAS OF FOCUS
DYNASTIES AND EMPIRES
 Greece/Alexander The Great’s Empire
 Roman Empire
 Byzantine Empire
 Mongol Empire
IMPERIALISM
 African Imperialism
 Asian Imperialism
REVOLUTIONS
 French Revolution
 Latin American Revolutions
WORLD LEADERS
 Alexander The Great
 Julius Caesar
 Justinian
 Louis XIV
 Napoleon
WORLD RELIGIONS
 Hinduism
 Judaism
 Buddhism
 Christianity
 Islam
AKS 32, Part 1 – Ancient Greece - KEY
CHAPTER 5 – PAGES 123-149
AKS 32 - examine the political, philosophical and cultural interaction of Classical Mediterranean societies from
700 BCE to 400 CE (GPS) (SSWH_C2007-32)
32a - explain how geographic features and cultural diffusion affected the development of the Greek civilizations
EARLY HISTORY
Mycenaean Adaptation of
Minoan Culture
Adapted Minoan writing system, artistic design, & culture
The Trojan
May have contributed to collapse of Mycenaean civilization
War
Collapse of Mycenaean
Civilization
Led to decline in economy, trade, & writing under Dorians
- “Dark Ages”
- No written records exist
Dorians
Epics of
Homer
Myths
Created
Composed The Iliad & The Odyssey
32g - describe
polytheism in the
Greek world
Myths = traditional stories about gods
32b - compare the origins and structure of the Greek polis
City-State
Disadvantage
Greater chance for
conflict
MONARCHY
King
Example:
Mycenae
Development
of Polis
**Important Places in Athens**
Acropolis
Agora
Advantage
Centralized
OLIGARCHY
Small group of citizens
Example:
Sparta
Forms of
Greek
Government
ARISTOCRACY
Nobility
Example:
Athens prior to 594 B.C.
TYRANTS
- Powerful nobles of wealthy
citizens
- NOT seen as harsh or
cruel like we think of today
DIRECT DEMOCRACY
Citizens
Example:
Athens by about 500 B.C.
GREEK CITY-STATES
725 B.C.
Sparta conquers
Messenia.
650 B.C.
Spartans put down
Messenian revolt.
Government
SPARTA
Daily Life – Boys
Made them helots
In response, Spartans made themselves a strong, highlydisciplined military state.
- Council of Elders
- 2 Kings
Centered on military training
Daily Life – Girls
Service to Sparta above everything else
621 B.C.
Draco (Athens)
writes the first
legal code.
Code based on the idea that all Athenians were created
equal.
594 B.C.
Athenian aristocrats
choose Solon to govern.
All citizens could participate in the Assembly
500 B.C.
Cleisthenes introduces
political reforms in Athens.
Created Council of 500
THE PERSIAN WARS
490 B.C.
Battle at
Marathon
480 B.C.
Xerxes assembles
invasion force.
Wanted to crush Athens
480 B.C.
Battle of Thermopylae
7,000 Greeks, including 300 Spartans, blocked the
narrow mountain pass
480 B.C.
Greeks fight on
the sea.
-
479 B.C.
Battle of Plataea
Persians lost again
478 B.C.
Delian League formed.
Form alliance among Greek city-states in order to ward
off future Persian attacks
Consequences
-
Athenians had the phalanx
Pheidippedes
- Ran 26.2 miles from Marathon to Athens
Athenians evacuated Athens
Xerxes burned Athens
Emergence of Golden Age of Athens
32e - identify the ideas and impact of important individuals to include Socrates, Plato, Aristotle; the diffusion of
Greek culture by Aristotle's pupil, Alexander the Great
32h - analyze the changes and continuities from origins to the fall of the Greek Classical Civilization
Increased # of paid
officials
GOAL #1
Strengthen
Athenian
democracy
GOAL #3
Age of
Pericles
Strengthened
Athenian Navy
Glorify Athens
Hired artisans to
create works of
classical art
GOAL #2
Hold & Strengthen
the Empire
Parthenon
Architecture &
Sculpture
Tragedy
Thucydides
History
Golden Age of
Athens
Drama
Comedy
Philsophers
Socrates
Plato
Socratic Method
of Questioning
Wrote The
Republic, his vision
of a perfectly
governed society
Aristotle
- Lyceum
- Scientific
Method
Causes
THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR
Athens grew wealthier and stronger.
Advantages
Athens
Stronger Navy
421 B.C.
Athens and Sparta sign a truce
415 B.C.
Athens attacked Syracuse
404 B.C.
Sparta wins!
Consequences
Sparta
Stronger Army
Athenians lost empire, power, & wealth
32c - trace the transitions in Classical Greece from Hellenic Greece to the conquest by Alexander the Great
32f - analyze the contributions of Hellenistic culture to include government, law, gender, mathematics, and
science
Macedonia
THE RISE OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT
Located just north of Greece
359 B.C.
King Philip II became
king of Macedonia
Formed peasants into a well-trained army
338 B.C.
Athens & Thebes joined Greece fell under the control of Macedonia
forces to fight Philip
336 B.C.
King Philip of
Macedonia
Stabbed
Alexander, his son, immediately claimed the throne
Alexander
Pupil of Aristotle
334 B.C.
Alexander led 35,000
soldiers into Anatolia.
Alexander now controlled Anatolia
332 B.C.
Alexander entered
Egypt.
Founded the city of Alexandria
Pushed toward the east
326 B.C.
Alexander’s army
reached Indus Valley.
Alexander’s soldiers were tired and yearned to go home
323 B.C.
Alexander died at age
32.
Generals began a power struggle
Alexander’s
Legacy
Definition of
Hellenism
Trade & Diversity
Astronomy
Blending of Greek and Persian customs
HELLENISTIC CULTURE
Blend of Greek, Egyptian, Persian, & Indian influences
Alexandria
Center of commerce & Hellenistic civilizations
Alexandria’s
Attractions
-
Aristarchus
Eratosthenes
Ptolemy
Mathematics
Pythagoras
Euclid
Archimedes
Pharos
Library & Museum
Estimated Sun was at least 300 times larger than
Earth
Calculated Earth’s circumference
Incorrectly concluded that the Earth was the center of
the solar system
Known for his theorem of the triangle (Pythagorean
Theorem)
His work (and that of Pythagoras) is still the basis for
modern geometry classes
Accurately estimated the value of pi (π)
Philosophy
Zeno
Founded Stoicism
Epicurus
Founded Epicureanism
Sculpture
Colossus of Rhodes
By 150 B.C., the Hellenistic world was
in decline
A new city was growing and gaining strength…
ROME!!!
AKS 32 –Ancient Rome - KEY
CHAPTER 6 – PAGES 155-183
AKS 32 - examine the political, philosophical and cultural interaction of Classical Mediterranean societies from
700 BCE to 400 CE (GPS) (SSWH_C2007-32)
32a - explain how geographic features and cultural diffusion affected the development of Roman civilizations
↓ THE LEGEND ↓
753 B.C.:
Rome founded, according to
legend.
Founded by:
↓ ROMAN GEOGRAPHY ↓
↓ THE FIRST ROMANS ↓
Chosen for:
Three Groups:
1) Fertile Soil
1) Latins
2) Strategic Location
2) Greeks
Romulus & Remus
3) Etruscans
32b - compare the origins and structure the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire
32d - trace the development of Rome from Republic to Empire
EARLY HISTORY
600 B.C.
Etruscan becomes king of Rome
509 B.C.
Roman aristocrats overthrow monarchy.
Established a republic
Two Groups Struggled for Power:
Patricians
Wealthy landowning class
451 B.C.
Plebeians
Artisans, merchants, farmers
THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
Officials began writing the Twelve Tables
____________________________________________
EXECUTIVE
BRANCH
THE SENATE
LEGISLATIVE
Consuls
Patricians
Curiate
Assembly
Praetors
Tribal Assembly
(plebeians)
Foreign &
domestic policy
Centuriate
Assembly
(soldiers)
Aediles
Quaestors
Roman Army
-Roman Legion
Tribunes
- Army was powerful
Censors
Dictators
265 B.C.
- Rome controlled the Italian Peninsula
- Established a large trading network
THE PUNIC WARS
264-146 B.C.
Rome VS. Carthage
1ST Punic War
Result:
Rome defeats Carthage
2ND Punic War
Result:
Scipio defeated Hannibal
3RD Punic War
Result:
Rome destroyed Carthage
Economic
Collapse
Military
Upheaval
59 B.C.
COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
Gap between rich & poor widened
Less disciplined and disloyal
Julius Caesar elected consul.
First Triumvirate
44 B.C.
32e - identify the
ideas and impact
of important
individuals to
include the impact
of Julius Caesar
MARCH 15, 44 B.C.
43 B.C.
Pompey, Crassus, Caesar
Caesar named dictator for life.
Caesar’s Reforms:
1) Granted citizenship
2) Expanded senate
3) Jobs for poor
4) New colonies
5) Increased pay for soldiers
BEGINNING OF ROMAN EMPIRE
Caesar assassinated
 Group of Senators stabbed him to death
Caesar’s supporters take control:
Second Triumvirate
Octavian, Mark Antony, Lepidus
Alliance Crumbles
 Octavian and Mark Antony became rivals
 Civil War erupted
31 B.C.
32e - identify the
ideas and impact
of important
individuals to
include the impact
of Augustus
Caesar
Battle of Actium:
 Octavian defeated Antony & Cleopatra
 Became first emperor of Rome
Pax Romana
200 years of peace and prosperity
32f - analyze the contributions of Roman culture to include government, law, gender, mathematics, and science
THE ROMAN EMPIRE
Economy
 Most Important Industry: Agriculture
 Vast trading network
 Common coinage
Government & Law
32e - identify the
ideas and impact
of important
individuals to
include the impact
of Augustus
Caesar
Values
 Headed by Emperor
 Civil Service
 Discipline
 Loyalty
Role of Women
Math & Science
Social Structure
 Expected to stay at home, complete chores, and take care of children
 Mostly engineering accomplishments like
 Polytheistic
 Emperor worship
Entertainment
&
 Differences in wealth & status separated social classes
 Slaves numerous & important
Religion
(AKS 32g)
roads
 Colosseum
 Circus Maximus
aqueducts
32g - describe polytheism in the Roman world and the origins and diffusion of Christianity in the Roman world
THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY
Around 6-4 B.C.
6 A.D.
 Jesus is born
Rome conquers Judea
 Judea = Home of the Jews
Around 26 A.D.
Jesus begins public ministry
 Does good works & reportedly performed miracles
 Stressed personal relationship with God
26-28 A.D.
29 A.D.
 Movement grows  Apostles
Death of Jesus
 Some viewed Jesus as a Messiah, others a heretic
 Pontius Pilate  ordered Jesus to be crucified
 Post-Death  body disappeared  Resurrection
Apostle
Peter
Apostle
Paul
Jewish
Rebellion
Christian
Persecution
 Jesus referred to him as the “rock” upon which the Christian Church would
be built.
 Stressed Jesus is the Son of God who died for people’s sins
 Result: Jews were driven from homeland
 Why? Christians refused to worship Roman gods
CHRISTIANITY EXPANDS
Appeal
 Embraces all people
 Gives hope to the powerless
 Appeals to those repelled by extravagances of Roman life
 Offers a personal relationship with a loving God
 Promises eternal life after death
312 A.D.
Emperor Constantine battles for control of Rome
 Legalizes Christianity
380 A.D.
Emperor Theodosius
 Made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire
Early
Church
A
Single Voice
 Priests  Bishops  Pope
 New Testament
 Nicene Creed
Fathers of
the Church
 Early writers & scholars of Church teachings
 Ex: Augustine  stressed receiving sacraments to obtain God’s grace
32h - analyze the changes and continuities from origins to the fall of the Roman Classical Civilization
32i - analyze the factors that led to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire
FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
180 A.D.
Marcus Aurelius died
 Pax Romana ended
ATTEMPTS AT REFORM
284 A.D.
Diocletian
 Divided the empire in two
324 A.D.
Constantine
 Moved the capital to Byzantium  renamed Constantinople
 Reforms ultimately led to the decline of the Roman Empire
444 A.D.
452 A.D.
476 A.D.
 Attila the Hun plundered 70 cities in the East
 Attila the Hun attacked Rome
 Last Roman Emperor falls to Germans
 End of Western Empire
 East thrives for another 1,000 years  called Byzantine Empire
LEGACY OF GRECO-ROMAN CIVILIZATION
New Culture
Roman Fine
Arts
 Results in Greco-Roman culture, or classical civilization
 bas-relief
 mosaics
 frescoes
Learning &
Literature
 Virgil  Aeneid
 Historian  Tacitus
LEGACY OF ROME
Latin Language
Master
Builders
 Official language of the Roman Catholic Church until 1900s
 Arch
 Concrete
 Aqueducts
 Domes
 Roman baths
 Roads
Law
 Principles of Roman law form the basis of the modern legal system
AKS 33 – The Byzantine & Mongol Empires - KEY
CHAPTERS 11.1, 11.2, 12.2, & 12.3 – PAGES 301-313 & 330-338
AKS 33 - analyze the importance of the Byzantine and Mongol empires between 450 CE and 1500 CE (GPS)
(SSWH_D2007-33)
33a - analyze the relationship of the Byzantine Empire to the Roman Empire
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ROMAN & BYZANTINE EMPIRES
Roman Empire divided into
Capital moved from Rome
western & eastern
to Byzantium
empires by Diocletian
(Later became Constantinople)
33b - describe the significance of Justinian's law code, Theodora and the role of women, and Byzantine art and
architecture
Justinian
Byzantine Nobleman
 Creation of Justinian Code
 Built Hagia Sophia
 Head of both church & state
Opinions of
Rome's greatest
legal thinkers
5,000 laws still
useful
The Code
The Digest
Justinian's
Code
The Institutes
For
students
The Novellae
Served
Byzantine
Empire for
900 years
New Laws
Theodora
 Justinian’s mistress
 Later his wife
Political
Influence
 Met with foreign diplomats
 Passed laws
 Nika Rebellion – convinced Justinian to put
the revolt down
Women’s Rights
 Published edicts which allowed daughters to
have equal rights
 Abolished entire commerce of prostitution
Byzantine Art
 frescoes
 mosaics
Byzantine
Architecture
 Rebuild Constantinople’s crumbling fortifications
 Church-building  Ex: Hagia Sophia
 baths
 aqueducts
 law courts
 schools
 hospitals
 expanded his palace
33d - analyze the role of Constantinople as a trading and religious center
CONSTANTINOPLE
Trade
 Mese
Entertainment
 Hippodrome
Religion
 Numerous churches  Ex: Hagia Sophia
1453
 Constantinople falls to Ottoman Turks
 Renamed Istanbul
33c - analyze the establishment of Christianity as the official religion of the Byzantine Empire
BYZANTINE CHRISTIANITY
312
 Constantine legalized Christianity
380
 Theodosius made Christianity the official religion
Difference between
Latin and Byzantine  Emperor was near divinity
Christianity
 Led to eventual problems between East and West churches
33f - define the role of Orthodox Christianity and the Schism
ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY AND THE SCHISM
Church Divides
Why?
 Distance
 Lack of contact between the two regions
The Schism
730
 Emperor Leo III banned icons
 Western pope supported the use of icons
1054
 Pope & Patriarch excommunicated each other
CHRISTIANITY OFFICIALLY SPLIT!
Missionaries
 Orthodox Christianity took their form to the Slavs
 Saint Methodius & Saint Cyril  invented the Cyrillic alphabet
33e - explain the influence of the Byzantine Empire and Vikings on Russia with particular attention to its impact
on Tsar Ivan III and Kiev
BYZANTINE EMPIRE & RUSSIA
800s
 Vikings built forts along the Dnieper, Don, and Volga Rivers
 Settled among the Slavs
862
 Viking chief Rurik settled in Novgorod (1st important city)
880
 Oleg moved to Kiev
 Could sail by river and sea to Constantinople
 Intermarried with Slavic subjects
957
 Princess Olga visited Constantinople
 Publicly converted to Christianity
980
 Vladimir sent teams to observe the major religions of the time
 Report convinced Vladimir to convert to Byzantine Christianity
989
 Vladimir held a baptism in Dnieper River
1019
Yaroslav the Wise
 Created trade connections
 Created a legal code
 Built libraries & churches
1240
 Mongols attacked & demolished Kiev  took over
Influences:
 Isolated Russia
 Encouraged rise of Moscow
1480
 Ivan III openly challenged Mongol rule – refused to pay tribute
33g - evaluate the impact of the Mongols on the Eurasian Continent
RISE OF THE MONGOLS
Problems Between Steppe
Nomads & Settled
Communities
 Steppe nomads raided
towns and villages
Genghis Khan
Characteristics of Genghis
Khan’s Success
 AKA Temujin
 Brilliant organizer
 Defeated rivals one by one
 Gifted strategist
 1206 – accepted title
 Used cruelty as a weapon
Genghis Khan – “universal
ruler”
KHANATES
Four Khanates
Mongol Rule
 Ilkhanate
 Ruled ruthlessly at first
 Khanate of the Golden
 Imposed stability, law, and
Horde
Cultural Differences
 Eventually led to it
splitting up
order
 Chagatai Khanate
 Khanate of the Great Khan
PAX MONGOLICA
What?
Trade & Travel
A period of peace from the mid-1200s to the
mid-1300s
 Made it safer & promoted the exchange of
goods and ideas
KUBLAI KHAN
Profile
 Known as The Great Khan
 United China for the 1st time in 300 years
 Called Yuan Dynasty
Rule
 Kept Mongol identity
 Tolerated Chinese culture
 High positions in government to foreigners
Marco
Polo
 Served Kublai for 17 years
 Traveled to China & visited Kublai Khan’s court
Expanded Trade
 Greatly improved trade
YUAN DYNASTY
Legacy
Reasons for Fall
 United China
 Civil discontent
 Expanded foreign contacts
 Economic problems & official corruption
 Few changes to Chinese culture and system  Power struggles
of government
 Rebellions of Chinese
 France
Louis XIV (14th) Comes to Power (4 yrs old ):
 France suffered from riots by nobles – Louis’ life threatened at times
 Louis never forgot fear/anger – vowed to be so strong nobles could never threaten him again
 France
Louis XIV Comes to Power:
 Jean Baptiste Colbert:
 Made France economic power
 Followed mercantilism – make France self-sufficient
 Expanded & protected French industry
 Encouraged migration to Canada (fur trade)
 France
Sun King’s Grand Style:
 Controls Nobility
 Nobles expected to be at Palace at Versailles – if not, incomes & social status ↓
 Made nobility totally dependent on Louis
 Patron of the Arts
 Popularized opera & ballet
 Supported writers
 Promoted art that glorified monarchy & supported absolute rule
 France
Disastrous Wars and Legacy:
 Expansion
 Wanted to expand – succeeded at first
 Countries banned together to match France’s strength – balance of power
 France
Disastrous Wars and Legacy:
 War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)
 Charles II of Spain died – throne went to Louis’ grandson – Spain & France now ruled by
French Bourbon kings
 Treaty that ended war allowed Louis’ grandson to stay in power as long as thrones of Spain &
France not united
 Big winner - Great Britain:
 Took Gibraltar
 ↑ involvement in slave trade
 France
Disastrous Wars and Legacy:
 Death and Legacy:
 People rejoiced at news of Louis’ death
 Pos.:
 Military leader of Europe
 Ranked above all others in art, lit., statesmanship
 Neg.:
 War & construction of Palace at Versailles = massive debt
 Tax burden by poor & Louis’ abuse of power would plague his heirs & set stage for
revolution
Imperialism
Motives:
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Economic competition for markets & raw materials
National pride
Racism
Missionaries' desire to Christianize & “civilize” non-European peoples
Forces of Imperialism
Technological Advantages over Africa:
Superior weapons
Railroads, cables, steamships
Quinine (drug) to protect from malaria
Forces of Imperialism
Factors Making Africa Vulnerable:
Africans’ great diversity of languages and cultures
Ethnic rivalries
Lower level of technology, including weapons
Division of Africa
Berlin Conference of 1884 & 1885:
Agreement among 14 European nations about how to divide Africa among European countries
Outcomes:
– Random distribution of African ethnic & linguistic groups among European nations
– Transformation of the way of life of Africans
Division of Africa
Clash in South Africa:
Zulus
– Shaka – created large centralized state
– Successors unable to keep together against British superior arms – British invaded 1879
– Fell to British control in 1887
Boers (Dutch) – a.k.a. Afrikaners
– 1st Europeans to settle in S. Africa
British
– Took over Cape Colony in early 1800s – clashed with Boers over British policy regarding land & slaves
Division of Africa
Boer War (1899-1910):
Diamonds/gold discovered in 1860s & 1880s
Boers launched commando raids & used guerilla tactics
British burned farms & imprisoned women & children
Britain finally won
Outcome:
– Creation of self-governing Union of South Africa controlled by British
French Control of Indochina
How Brought Under Control:
Missionaries were killed
French army invaded Vietnam
Combined it with Laos and Cambodia
French Control of Indochina
Method of Control:
Direct control
– French themselves filled all important positions in gov’t
French Control of Indochina
Economic Policies:
Discouraged local industry
Rice became major export crop
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French Control of Indochina
Colonial Impact:
Imposed French culture
All schools, courts, & businesses followed French models
↓ of local industries
Less food for peasants
Japanese in Asia
War with China (Sino-Japanese War) (1894-1895):
How it started:
– Rebellion broke out against Korea’s king, who asked China for military help
– Chinese troops marched into Korea
– Japan protested violation of agreement & sent its troops to fight the Chinese
Consequences:
– Destruction of Chinese navy
– Beginning of Japanese colonial empire
– Change to world’s balance of power
– Emergence of Russia & Japan as major powers (& enemies) in Asia
Japanese in Asia
Occupation of Korea:
Annexed Korea – brought under control
Ruled Korea harshly
Established very repressive gov’t that denied rights to Korea
Inspired Korean nationalist movement
Interaction with Westerners
Opium War (China):
Setting the Stage:
– China self-sufficient, little trade w/ west  favorable balance of trade
– Europeans wanted to find product Chinese would buy in large quantities  found it in opium
– Many Chinese became addicted
Interaction with Westerners
Opium War (China):
Causes:
– Chinese emperor wanted trade stopped  Britain refused to stop
Interaction with Westerners
Opium War (China):
Results & Effects:
– Chinese defeat & humiliation
– Cession of Hong Kong to Britain (Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking)
– Continuation of opium trade
– Extraterritorial rights for foreign citizens
– Chinese resentment against foreigners
Interaction with Westerners
Taiping Rebellion (China):
Setting the Stage:
– Population provided major challenge growing 30% in only 60 years
– Interaction with Westerners
Taiping Rebellion (China):
Causes:
– Hunger/starvation caused by inability to feed enormous population
– Increasing opium addiction
– Poverty
Interaction with Westerners
Taiping Rebellion (China):
Results & Effects:
– Rebellion put down
– Restoration of Qing to power (with help of British and French forces)
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– 20 million people died
Interaction with Westerners
Commodore Matthew Perry (Japan):
Perry Arrives in Tokyo:
– Arrives with letter from U.S. President Fillmore
– Letter politely asked shogun to allow free trade
– Perry gave threat that he would return with larger fleet in one year to get Japanese reply
– Purpose: shock & frighten Japanese into accepting trade with U.S.
Interaction with Westerners
Commodore Matthew Perry (Japan):
Treaty of Kanagawa (1854):
– Japan opened two ports where ships could take supplies
Interaction with Westerners
Commodore Matthew Perry (Japan):
Benefits to U.S.A.:
– Gained rights to trade at those two ports
– Opened door for other W powers
Effects of Imperialism
Colonization:
Europeans control land and people in areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America
Effects of Imperialism
Colonial Economics:
Europeans control trade in the colonies and set up dependent cash-crop economies
Effects of Imperialism
Christianization:
Christianity is spread to Africa, India, and Asia
FRENCH REVOLUTION
 France (1789)
Revolution Begins (Causes)
THREE ESTATES
 First Estate:
 Clergy
 Enlightenment ideas bad
 Second Estate:
 Rich nobles
 Disagreed about Enlightenment ideas
 Third Estate:
 Bourgeoisie (middle class), peasant farmers
 No power to influence gov’t
 Embraced Enlightenment ideas
 Resented 1st and 2nd estates
 France (1789)
Revolution Begins (Causes)
Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette
 Inherited debt from previous kings
 Extravagant spenders themselves
 Louis weak leader, indecisive
 Marie spent a lot of money on gowns, jewels, etc.
 Known as “Madame Deficit”
 France (1789)
Revolution Begins (Causes)
Estates-General:
 Assembly of reps from all 3 estates
 Solution to $ problem - impose new tax on nobility – assembly called to approve it in 1789
 France (1789)
Revolution Begins (Causes)
National Assembly & Tennis Court Oath:
 Formed by members of 3rd Estate
 end of absolute monarchy
 beginning of republican gov’t
 3 days later – 3rd Estate delegates locked out of meeting hall – broke down door to indoor tennis court &
vowed not to leave until new constitution was written
 France (1789)
Revolution Begins (Causes)
Storming of Bastille:
 Mob searching for gunpowder stormed prison, killed prison guards, & paraded in streets with their heads
 1st major act of revolution
 France (1789)
Revolution Begins (Causes)
Great Fear:
 Senseless panic – peasants became outlaws in fear that nobles were hiring outlaws to terrorize peasants
 Peasant women, demanding bread, marched on Versailles – demanded Louis & Marie return to Paris
 France (1789)
Reform & Terror
Declaration of the Rights of Man & of the Citizens
 Similar to & inspired by U.S. Dec. of Ind.
 Slogan – “Liberty, Equality, & Fraternity”
 France (1789)
Reform & Terror
France at War:
 1792 – fought against Prussia & Austria
 Mob imprisoned royal family
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
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 Legislative Assembly declared king deposed, dissolved assembly, & called for election of new legislature
 Jacobins – radical political org. – called for death of those who supported king
France (1789)
Reform & Terror
Guillotine:
 Machine with weighted blade that severed head of victim
 Louis and Marie executed in this way
France (1789)
Reign of Terror (1793-1794)
Maxmilien Robespierre:
 Jacobin leader – wanted to get rid of all of France’s past, religion, etc.
 Became leader of Committee of Public Safety
 From 1793-1794, ruled basically as a dictator – this period called “Reign of Terror”
France (1789)
Reign of Terror (1793-1794)
Reign of Terror:
 Chief Task: protect rev. from enemies
 Often had “enemies” tried in morning, guillotined in afternoon
 Many “enemies” were fellow radicals who challenged Robespierre’s leadership
 Many executed for the flimsiest of reasons
France (1789)
Reign of Terror (1793-1794)
End of Terror:
 1794 – members of Nat’l Convention turned on Robespierre – he was executed by guillotine
 Set up new plan for gov’t. – power w/ upper middle class
 Napoleon commanded France’s armies
 France (1789)
Napoleon’s Rise & Rule
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Hero & Coup d'état:
 Defended National Convention with cannonade from royalists
 Invaded Italy – successful; Invaded Egypt – unsuccessful
 Came back, surrounded legislature, members dissolved Directory, Napoleon declares self first consul &
assumed role of dictator
France (1789)
Napoleon’s Rise & Rule
Restored Order:
 Kept many of changes from Revolution
 Set up tax system & national banking system
 Opened gov’t-run public schools
 Brought religion back
 Created uniform set of laws – Napoleonic Code
 Crowned self emperor in 1804
France (1789)
Napoleon’s Rise & Rule
Loss of American Territory:
 Lost St. Domingue (Haiti)
 Sold Louisiana Territory in 1803 for $15 million to U.S.
France (1789)
Napoleon’s Rise & Rule
Europe & Battle of Trafalgar:
 Battlefield success forced Austria, Prussia, & Russia to sign peace treaties
 Only battle lost – Battle of Trafalgar – naval defeat
 Results: ensured supremacy of British navy, forced Napoleon to give up plans of invading Britain
France (1789)
Napoleon’s Defeat
Mistakes:
 Continental System:
 Goal: Prevent trade & communication b/w Great Britain & other European nations
 Blockade not tight enough – smugglers got cargo in & out
 Peninsular War:
 Guerilla peasant fighters in Spain fought Napoleon’s forces – 6 years – losses weakened French
empire
 France (1789)
Napoleon’s Defeat
Mistakes:
 Invasion of Russia (1812):
 Breakdown in alliance caused Napoleon to invade
 Russians practiced scorched-earth policy
 Napoleon made it to Moscow – Alexander had burned it
 Napoleon got trapped by winter – Russians attacked – only 10,000 soldiers left to fight
 France (1789)
Napoleon’s Defeat
Defeat:
 Prussia & Russia took advantage of inexperienced military
 Napoleon accepted terms of surrender – exiled him to Elba
 France (1789)
Napoleon’s Defeat
The Hundred Days & Battle of Waterloo:
 Hundred Days – Napoleon’s last bid for power
 Napoleon escaped Elba, regained power
 Battle of Waterloo – Prussian & British troops defeated French
 Napoleon exiled to St. Helena – died 6 years later
LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS
 Haiti (1791)
 Causes:
 Oppressed people (many slaves) fed up w/ treatment from white masters
 Toussaint L’Ouverture:
 Became leader of rev., skilled general, diplomat
 French made peace, accused him of another uprising, & sent him to prison in French Alps
 Haiti (1791)
Independence
 Jean Jacque Dessalines:
 Took over for L’Ouverture
 1804 – declared colony an ind. country
 1st black colony to free itself from Euro. control
 Latin America (1808-1825)
 Causes:
 Lack of loyalty to king
 Locke’s ideas – when ruler removed, power shifted to the ppl
 Latin America (1808-1825)
 Simón Bolivar:
 Venezuela – called “George Washington of South America”
 Partnered w/ San Martín in Ecuador
 Bolivia named in his honor
 José de San Martín:
 Liberator of Argentina, Chile, & Peru
 Latin America (1808-1825)
 Mexico:
 Miguel Hidalgo started it
 José Morelos continued it (creoles feared loss of property, land, & lives)
 Agustín de Iturbide finished - 1821
 Brazil:
 Happened w/o fighting
 Brazilians signed petition, asked Dom Pedro (King John’s son) to rule, he agreed - 1822
31c - explain the development and impact of Hinduism and Buddhism on India and subsequent diffusion of
Buddhism
HINDUISM
BUDDHISM
FOUNDER
No Founder
Siddhartha Gautama (The Buddha)
WHO BELIEVERS
WORSHIP
Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva
Do not worship a god
LEADERS
Guru, Brahman priest
Buddhist monks & nuns
SACRED TEXTS
Vedas, Upanishads
Verses of Righteousness, How-To-Meditate
manuals
BASIC BELIEFS
Reincarnation, Karma, Ultimate Goal = moksha
MODERN-DAY
TRADITIONS
Hindu religion dominates daily life
Pilgrimages, Buddhist worship rituals
ATTITUDE TOWARD
CASTE SYSTEM
Ideas of karma & reincarnation strengthened the
caste system
Rejected caste system
SPREAD OF BUDDHISM:
- Traders
- Missionaries
Enlightenment, Ultimate Goal = nirvana, Four Noble
Truths, Eightfold Path, Separated in 2 sects
(Mahayana & Theravada)
30e - explain the development of monotheism including the concepts developed by the ancient Hebrews and
Zoroastrians
ORIGINS OF JUDAISM
Monotheism: belief in a single god
2000 B.C.
Torah
1650 B.C.
Descendants of Abraham move to Egypt
1300-1200 B.C.
"Exodus" from Egypt - Ten Commandments
1020 B.C.
Hebrews unite & form kingdom of Israel
962 B.C.
Solomon built a great temple in Jerusalem
922 B.C.
Kingdom splits into two: Israel & Judah
722 B.C.
Assyrians conquer Israel
586 B.C.
Chaldeans destroy Solomon's temple
515 B.C.
Second Temple is completed
Zoroaster:
- Earth is a battleground b/w good & evil
- Concept of Satan & belief in angels
AKS 34 – The Islamic World - KEY
CHAPTER 10 – PAGES 263-279
AKS 34 - trace the origins and expansion of the Islamic World between 600 CE and 1300 CE (GPS) (SSWH_D200734)
34a - explain the origins of Islam and the growth of the Islamic Empire
ISLAM:
EVENTS IN THE LIFE OF MUHAMMAD
Muhammad’s Early Life
 Began working in caravan trade as a young man
Muhammad’s
Revelations
 Came to believe he was the last of the prophets
 Taught Allah was the one and only God & all others must be abandoned
Ideas Rejected in
Mecca
 Meccans feared that the traditional Arab gods would be neglected and
Mecca would no longer be a center for pilgrims
The Hijrah
 Decided to leave Mecca in 622
 Moved to Yathrib (later called Medina)
 Turning Point
Muhammad’s Return
 Returned to Mecca in 630
 Mecca became a base from which to work toward unifying the Arabian
Peninsula under Islam
ISLAM:
BASIC TENANTS
Five Pillars
Sources of Authority
 Faith
 Allah
 Prayer
 Ulama
 Alms
 Qur’an
 Fasting
 Sunna, or Muhammad’s example
 Pilgrimage
 Shari’a
ISLAM SPREAD
Developments in Islam
Rulers
Abu-Bakr
 1st caliph
 Spread Islam by waging jihad against nonbelievers
Rightly-Guided Caliphs
 Used Qur’an & Muhammad’s actions as guides to their leadership
 Mobilized highly disciplined armies that conquered many areas
Umayyads
 Moved capital to Damascus
 Surrounded themselves with wealth & ceremony
Abbasids
 Moved capital to Baghdad
 System of taxation
 Strong trade network
34b - identify the Muslim trade routes to India, China, Europe and Africa and assess the economic impact of this
trade
MUSLIM TRADE NETWORK
Sea
Land
 Mediterranean Sea
 Silk Road
 Indian Ocean
 Arabian Peninsula
Trade Encouraged By:
 Muslim money changers who set up banks
 Connected Muslim world to China, India,
Europe, and Africa
 Arabic = unifying force
34c - explain the reasons for the split between Sunni and Shia Muslims
ISLAMIC SPLIT
656
 Uthman murdered
 Disagreement over who should succeed Muhammad
661
 Ali assassinated
 Umayyad family filled power vacuum & took control
 Sunni
 Shi’a
 Sufi