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Notes 09/13/2013 The Renaissance The Renaissance begins in Italy in the 1300’s. People are reminded of the greatness of Rome and this sparks curiosity. Italy is also the home of the Catholic Church and has lots of artifacts from Ancient Greece and Rome. The Renaissance is a rebirth of culture. Aspects of culture include art, science, mathematics, language, writing, food etc. Italy is a peninsula and surrounded on three sides by water. Italy escaped many of the horrors of Middle Ages life that other European countries experienced. Art: How did art differ from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance? Middle Ages art: Depiction of knights and bloody wars or religion. Middle Age art is not as realistic. It is missing perspective. Perspective is a way to show distant objects using depth. The use of shadowing is also prevalent in Renaissance art as is mixing of paints. What was the Renaissance? (1300-1600) Rebirth of Greek and Roman learning in art, engineering, literature, architecture, science, history, politics Renaissance man: Good at a wide variety of things Who was Johan Gutenberg? (1450) Printer and blacksmith. Responsible for the creation of the printing press. He prints the first Bible and it is distributed far and wide. This decreases the price and many more people were able to purchase the Bible. The printing and distribution of the Bible creates questioning of the church. People are angered that they were being sold indulgences, but this was nowhere to be found in the Bible. Who was Leonardo Da Vinci? (1452-1519) He was a prominent artist. He was mainly a painter. He was also an architect, inventor and sculptor. He used perspective in his painting. Most famous works were The Last Supper and Mona Lisa. Da Vinci was also studied the human body. Who was William Shakespeare? (1590-1613) English poet and playwright. He produced 37 plays. His well-known works or Romeo and Juliet, Orthello, Hamlet, Macbeth, and Julius Caesar. Introduced over 1,700 words to the English language. Who was Michelangelo? (1475-1564) He was an Italian painter, sculptor, architect, and engineer. He was also an inventor, astronomer, and a Renaissance man who was good at everything! Some of his famous works are the sculptors David and the Pieta. He also painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and created the dome at St. Peter’s Basilica. Who was Nicolo Machiavelli? (1513) He was an Italian historian, diplomat, politician, and author. He had many influential friends. He writes a book called The Prince. This book explained to leaders how to take and maintain power. Who was Albrecht Durer? (1494) He spreads the Renaissance to Germany. He goes to Italy to study and then brings it to Germany and the rest of Northern Europe. They called him the German Leonardo. Notes 9/17/13 Art of the Early Renaissance - 1300’s - 1600’s - Renaissance = rebirth of culture and learning - Europe’s economic recovery - renewed study of ancient Greece and Rome Humanism - humanism and ideal that focused on the world of mankind as much as a concern for the hereafter rejected medieval view of humanity and focused on the goodness of mankind began in Florence, Italy ideal setting for Renaissance to begin with wealthy patrons humanism began in 1400 Early Renaissance - period from 1300-1500 artist viewed as a craftsman art created by commission (someone hired to do a job) art was produced through imitation Workshop system - collaboration of masters and apprentices family-based run like a business apprentices would seek out a master to learn from the best - apprenticeship started in the early teen years and lasted for several years at times apprentices would pass the master Products of the workshop system Michelangelo Master: Domenico Ghirlandaio Leonardo da Vinci Master: Andrea del Verocchio Innovations - frescoes were art created on damp plastic oil paints realistic portrayal of human nature Chiaroscurro: use of shadows to show balance dark and light Science was renewed Perspective: allowed artist to represent objects in relative size Giotto - father of the Renaissance very influential on Renaissance paintings Notes- 9/19/2013 Filippo Bruneleschi (1377-1446) - adds a geometric perspective to art his method of perspective had a dramatic impact on 3 dimensional space in the arts Masaccio (1401-1428) - one of the first artists to apply the new method of linear perspective in the fresco of the Holy Trinity used a barrel vaulted ceiling to imitate with precision the true appearance of architectural space figures depict accurate human anatomy Pierro della Francesca (1416-1492) - expressed an obsession with perspective carefully analyzed architectural spaces and sensitivity to geometric purity of shapes - wrote several books on perspective and geometry Donatello (1386-1466) - new sense of naturalism in sculpture use of classical contrapposto stance (relaxed not rigid) statue of David in bronze considered first full scale nude since ancient times Andrea Mantegna (1430-1506) - created unusual vantage points looking at figures from below Lamentation of the Dead Christ the viewer is looking from the feet of the subject Deep foreshortening Effectively places the viewer at the scene Used unusual vantage points Sandra Boticelli (1445-1510) - First artist to paint a full length female nude In Birth of Venus the figure occupies the center of the work, which was traditionally reserved for the Virgin. This work is possibly the most pagan image of the entire Renaissance