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COMPOUND SENTENCES, COMPLEX SENTENCES, & COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES. LANGUAGE STUDY UNDERSTANDING CLAUSE A clause is a group of related words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent (main) clause can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent (subordinate) clause cannot stand alone and functions as a part of speech. REVIEW: INDEPENDENT CLAUSES ◼ An independent clause has one subject and one predicate. ◼ REMEMBER: an independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. ◼ An independent clause may have a series of compound subjects and/or compound verbs. ◼ Independent Clause: “I ride bikes…” ◼ Compound Subject: “He and I ride bikes…” ◼ Compound Verb: “I ride and race bikes…” COMPOUND SENTENCES ◼ A Compound Sentence is two independent clauses joined by either a comma and a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) or a semicolon. A compound sentence will have TWO subjects and TWO predicates. ◼ Comma and coordinating conjunction: ◼ Sam and Dean hunt monsters, but they die all the time. ◼ Semicolon: ◼ Sam and Dean hunt monsters; they die all the time. For And Nor But Or Yet So PRACTICE Underline the independent clauses in each of these: We have never been to Asia, nor have we visited Africa. We have never been to Asia, nor have we visited Africa. Joe made sugar cookies; Susan decorated them. Joe made sugar cookies; Susan decorated them. The got there early, and they got great seats. They got there early, and they got great seats. There used to be a real me, but I had it surgically removed. There used to be a real me, but I had it surgically removed. I don’t want to go out tonight; I have homework to do. I don’t want to go out tonight; I have homework to do. MORE PRACTICE Combine the following simple sentences using a comma and coordinating conjunction: Wednesday blew a smoke ring. It hung in the air like something from a Warner Bros. cartoon. Combine the following simple sentences using a semi-colon: Shadow continued to browse. He found a copy of Herodotus’ s Histories in peeling brown leather. Write your own compound sentence using a comma and coordinating conjunction. Write your own compound sentence using a semi-colon. DEPENDENT CLAUSES CONTRAST ◼ Dependent clauses are not grammatical sentences. They are often called “subordinating clauses” because they are “less than” a sentence. ◼ Typically, a dependent clause will begin with a subordinating conjunction. TIME CAUSE CONDITION although after as if even though as because unless though before in order that whether whereas since since while till so that rather than until when while DEPENDENT CLAUSES How can we make this “less than” a sentence with subordinating conjunctions? I turned out the light. when I turned out the light until I turned out the light because I turned out the light unless I turned out the light before I turned out the light None of these are grammatically correct sentences, but are instead fragments. DEPENDENT CLAUSES So, a dependent clause cannot act as a grammatical sentence AND it functions as a part of speech. As an adverb clause, it will modify the verb in the main clause. As an adjective clause, it will modify the noun or pronoun in the main clause. As a noun clause, it will act as a noun. You talk to me the way a teacher talks to a naughty student. After the game is finished, the king and pawn go in the same box. The people whose names are on the list will go to camp. Pizza, which most people love, is not healthy. A person who trusts no one can’t be trusted. You are what you eat. ADVERB PHRASE PRACTICE Underline the adverb clause in the following: Whether you like it or not, you have to go to bed now. Whether you like it or not, you have to go to bed now. Unless you run fast, you will miss the bus. Unless you run fast, you will miss the bus. I brush my teeth before I go to bed. I brush my teeth before I go to bed. Put away the games so you can eat your dinner. Put away the games so you can eat your dinner. ADJECTIVE PHRASE PRACTICE Underline the adjective clause in each of the following: Fruit that is grown organically is expensive. Fruit that is grown organically is expensive. Those who do not complain are never pitied. Those who do not complain are never pitied. The film which you recommended scared us half to death. The film which you recommended scared us half to death. This is the park where we played. This is the park where we played. NOUN PHRASE PRACTICE Underline the noun phrase in each of the following: On weekends, we can do whatever we want. On weekends, we can do whatever we want. Whichever restaurant you pick is fine. Whichever restaurant you pick is fine. Her mother will decide whether she can go. Her mother will decide whether she can go. What Billy did shocked his friends. What Billy did shocked his friends. COMPLEX SENTENCES Complex Sentences contain one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. Each clause will have its own subject and verb, BUT… The independent clause is considered the main clause, and it will contain the sentence’s main subject and main verb. As we were looking over your sign-in sheets for May and June, we noticed a number of minor problems. While Mary went to the concert, Bill stayed home with the baby. No one responded when she rang the doorbell. Confused yet? COMPLEX SENTENCES: PRACTICE Underline the main clause and identify the type of dependent clause(s) in each sentence: She returned the computer after she realized it was damaged. She returned the computer after she realized it was damaged. (Adverb) I do not know when he will arrive. I do not know when he will arrive. (Noun) I listen to a kind of music which nobody likes. I listen to a kind of music which nobody likes. (Adjective) When she was younger, she believed in fairy tales. When she was younger, she believed in fairy tales. (Adverb) Everyone knows that he is involved in the conspiracy. Everyone knows that he is involved in the conspiracy. (Noun) This is the house where the murder was committed. This is the house where the murder was committed. (Adjective) COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES Compound-Complex Sentences have at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. Because we see the characteristics of both compound and complex sentences, remember that independent clauses must be separated by a comma and a FANBOY or a semicolon. When the heat comes, the lakes dry up, and farmers know that their crops will fail. Though Mitchell prefers watching romantic films, he rented the latest spy thriller; he enjoyed it very much. COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES: PRACTICE Underline the independent clauses in the following sentences: Jim’s mom went to the store because it’s his birthday, and she bought him a present. Jim’s mom went to the store because it’s his birthday, and she bought him a present. Molly, who loves cats, plans to get a kitten, but she needs to find a house first. Molly, who loves cats, plans to get a kitten, but she needs to find a house first. While tom reads novels, Jack reads comics, but Sam only reads magazines. While tom reads novels, Jack reads comics, but Sam only reads magazines. We decided to go to the movies, but our friend, who doesn’t like scary movies, didn’t want to go. We decided to go to the movies, but our friend, who doesn’t like scary movies, didn’t want to go. Because I paid attention, I got an A on the test, and I was so happy. Because I paid attention, I got an A on the test, and I was so happy.