Download The Cell

BSC 1085L
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Attendance
 Spend your days out wisely – the 3 RULE
 Perks for perfect attendance
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Grade Breakdown
▪ 10% Lab Worksheets
▪ 30% Quizzes
▪ 60% Practicals
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Required Materials
 Laboratory Manual for Anatomy & Physiology by M.
Wood
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Where to access lab resources?
 http://bsc2085lab.yolasite.com/
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A LOT of memorizing
The points matter
No curve
Homework is “hit or miss”
Models are referenced a lot
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Anatomy
 The study of body structures
 “Gross Anatomy” aka muscles and bones
 Knowledge subdivided into understanding of microanatomy: tissues and
cells
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Physiology
 The study of how the body functions
 Goal: Keep the body stable
 Homeostasis: physiological regulation to keep the internal environment
stable
 Levels of organization
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Molecular  Lowest level of organization i.e. atoms (DNA)
Cellular  Fundamental levels i.e. organelles
Tissue  Types of cells working together, function together at the organ level
Organ  Distinct 3D shape
Organ system  Several organs working to achieve common goal (Ex. Respiratory)
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The “anatomical position” is the reference
position in anatomical study
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Superior vs. Inferior
 Describes vertical position
 Superior is “above”, and inferior is “below”
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Anterior vs. Posterior
 Describes front and back
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Dorsal vs. Ventral
 Also describes front back
▪ Think a shark’s DORSAL fin
▪ Ventral is the belly side
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Cranial vs. Caudal
 Cranial is direction towards the head
 Caudal is direction towards the feet
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Medial vs. Lateral
 With respect to the midline
 Medial  closer to the midline
 Lateral  away from the midline
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Proximal vs. Distal
 Describes how close one structure is from its point of attachment
 Proximal  near the reference point
 Distal  DISTANT to the reference point
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When to use anterior vs. ventral and
posterior vs. dorsal?
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When to use superior vs. proximal and
inferior vs. distal?
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Transverse
 Perpendicular to the vertical orientation
 Called “cross sections” because they go ACROSS the
body
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Sagittal
 Divides the body or organ into right and left portions
▪ Midsagittal – divides evenly
▪ Parasagittal – divides almost evenly
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Vertical
 Parallel to vertical axis
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Frontal or Coronal
 Separates anterior and posterior
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Internal spaces that house the internal organs
 Cranial Cavity
▪ Encloses the brain
 Spinal Cavity
▪ Passes through the vertebral column
 Ventral Body Cavity (Coelom)
▪ Thoracic Cavity
▪ 2 Pleural Cavities (each cavity contains one lung)
▪ Mediastinum
 Pericardial Cavity (contains the heart)
▪ Abdominopelvic Cavity
▪ Abdominal Cavity (contains the digestive organs)  encased in peritoneum
**except the kidneys which are RETROperitoneal, located outside
▪ Pelvic Cavity (contains the reproductive organs)
 Peritoneal Cavity
▪ Space between parietal and visceral peritoneal layers
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Divided into visceral and parietal
Types of serous membrane
 Pericardium
 Pleura
 Peritoneum
When serous membranes become inflamed, it
can cause damage to the enclosed internal
organs or bacterial invasion of the blood stream
 These complications can lead to serious
problems like:
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 Congestive heart failure
 Pneumonia or Tuberculosis
 Kidney failure
 Sepsis
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Cell Theory
 All plants and animals are composed of cells
 All cells come from preexisting cells
 Cells are the smallest living units
 Each cell works to maintain itself at the cellular
level
 Coordinated activity among the cells gives
homeostasis
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Plasma Membrane – cell’s outer boundary
that separates the extracellular fluid from the
cell interior. It regulates the movement of
ions & molecules into and out of the cell
Organelles – Internal structures
Cytoplasm – Volume inside the plasma
membrane but outside the nucleus
▪ Liquid component – Cytosol
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Nonmembranous – lack an outer membrane and are directly
exposed to the cytosol
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Ribosomes
Microvilli
Centrioles
Cytoskeleton
Cilia
Flagella
Membranous – contained by a phospholiped membranes
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Nucleus
Nucleolus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Mitochondria
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Microvilli- increase surface area of the cells to increase absorption
Centrioles – mediate cell division
Cytoskeleton- provides structural support and anchors the organelles
Flagella – motility
Cilia – sensory antennas and/or motility
Ribosomes – direct protein synthesis
Nucleus – the “hub” of the cell that controls all of the activities
 Metabolism, storage/processing of genetic information, controls protein synthesis
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Nucleolus – produces ribosomal RNA which makes ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum – synthesis of organic molecules, transport of
materials within the cell, storage of molecules, detoxification
 Smooth ER – lacks ribosomes, synthesizes cholesterol and phospholipids
 Rough ER – contains ribosomes on surface, modifies and packages newly formed
proteins
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Golgi Apparatus – works with the ER, protein modification, responsible for
material transport through exocytosis and secretory vessicles
Lysosomes – destroy microbes and digest worn-out cells and bacteria
Peroxisomes – contain enzymes that break down fatty acids and organic
molecules; metabolize H202  O2 + H20 and protects cells structure
Proteasomes – breakdown/recycle damaged intracellular proteins
Mitochrondria – the cell’s energy powerhouse via ATP
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The replication of genetic material to produce
identical daughter copies of a parent cell with
the exact same genetic information
Mitosis: when a cell splits into 2 identical cell
Human cells contain 23 pairs (46)
chromosomes
 Except sex cells which have 23 chromosomes
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Interphase: preparation for division via a series of
checkpoints
 G0: Resting phase
 G1: Protein synthesis, growth, and replication of organelles
(i.e. the centriole pair)
 S: DNA replication  each chromosome is double stranded
and consists of 2 chromatids
 G2: protein synthesis, replication of the centriole pair
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M Phase: mitosis
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Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
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Prophase
 Chromatin condenses into chromosomes which
become visible and start moving to the center
 Nuclear envelope breaks down
 Centrioles start moving to opposite sides of the
cells
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Metaphase
 Chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell, or
the metaphase plate
 Cell becomes ready to split
 Spindle fibers extend across the cell getting ready
to pull on the centromeres to split them
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Anaphase
 Spindle fibers pull apart the chromatids
 Once apart, individual chromatids condense into
chromosomes
 Cleavage furrow develops along the metaphase
plate
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Telophase
 Cytokinesis sections the cytoplasm of the cell to
complete the cleavage into 2 cells
 Each cell now has it’s own complete set of genes
 Chromosomes unwind back into chromatin, the
nucleoli reappears , and the nuclear membrane
reforms
 Daughter cells now in interphase
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Cell division is crucial because it is how
growth, repair, and development is achieved
Clinical applications with stem cells
But uncontrolled cell division is not a good
thing  Tumor Formation