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Empire Egypt is ruled(1600 BC) • Egypt had a series of weak rulers. Many nobles, or really rich citizens, fought each other. Egypt was invaded and conquered for a hundred years by the Hyksos. Around the same time the Jews moved to Egypt. The Egyptians didn’t like either. • The Egyptians eventually united against the Hyksos and kicked them out. The Israelites were enslaved for hundreds of years. • After Egypt was united, they began conquering other lands with a powerful military (Chariots and Bronze Weapons). They also had strong competent rulers. Egypt as Rulers (1500 BC) • Hatshepsut’s stepson was supposed to be pharaoh, but he was too young. She expanded trade. Thutmose III and Ramses II expanded, but could not beat the Hittites. Both empires agreed to avoid each other. • Multiple groups began pillaging Egypt with hit and run tactics. Peoples that Egypt controlled also began to rebel. Egypt was eventually conquered. The people who conquered it, wanted to maintain it’s culture and science as much as possible. Different groups fought over who was the more worthy successor. Assyria (800 BC) • Assyrians lived in the middle of Mesopotamia. Groups in Mesopotamia were ALWAYS fighting. There was no geographic defense. To Assyria war was life. • Empire began to use iron much more frequently during this time. They strategically planned to take over cities, and were able to build floating bridges. They built massive iron battering rams to tear down the gates of a city. • Assyrians killed or enslaved most people in the city. Anyone that didn’t fall into that category was forced to move somewhere very far away. Cultural Wonders (600 BC) • The Assyrian capital was Nineveh which was the biggest city in the world. We have dug up a lot of Nineveh, and a lot of it is in really good condition. • They also had the biggest and most advanced library in the worlds. There were 20,000 books from all over that were categorized and organized. • A few civilizations teamed up to destroy Assyria. Babylon regained power and built the Hanging Gardens which was one of the Wonders of the World. They also built a 30 story temple. They mapped the stars and planets they could see. • Persia (550 BC) They did have a massive military, but they also gave people freedom so they can do what they wanted. Cyrus unified Mesopotamia and expanded Persia. Cyrus was very kind to people he conquered. • Cyrus’s son took over, but he was very different. Darius then spent the first several years trying to clean up a big mess. After that he expanded, built a massive road connecting the empire. He also minted money. • Zoroastrianism (monotheistic) became a very popular religion. Good vs Evil • European Culture (1200 BC) Western culture was found around the Mediterranean Sea. It made trading and traveling very easy. The land was rocky and couldn’t support a big population. • Most history and culture was not written down until Homer wrote a poem about the Trojan War called The Iliad the Odyssey. The Trojan war was fought because a Trojan princess, who was already married, was brought to Greece. The Greeks also adopted an interesting polytheistic religion. They gave human qualities to their gods who treated humans like pawns. • European government (750 BC) Greece was never united. There were multiple city-states, but they didn’t fight as often as Mesopotamia did. Kings and Oligarchies were the main form of government. But people didn’t like them a lot of time, so they would support a tyrant to take over and provide for normal people. • Athens avoided many conflicts because they chose to have a democracy. People had the same law and consequences. Citizenry Slavery was abolished, and the majority of men could vote. Debate was a big part of life in Athens, and was taught at school to the sons of rich families. THIS IS SPARTA!!!!!!!!! • Sparta was entirely dedicated to building a strong militaristic nation. One body proposed laws, another voted on laws, and another executed the laws. • Sparta had two kings who controlled the military, but from the age of seven every man was in the military. They believed all Spartans should have rights. Sparta had a ton of slaves called helots and had little rights. • Individualism was not encouraged. Everyone was to dedicate themselves to their country. Every boy lived in a boot camp from age 7-30. Spartan women had a lot of freedom and also received military training. Start of the Persian Wars (490 BC) • Greek soldiers were called hoplites. They carried a strong shield with long iron-tipped spears. The Persians conquered Ionia who identified as being Greek. Ionia began to rebel against Persia. Even though they knew it could bring war with Persia, the Athenians sent soldiers and aid in. Athens burnt down a city • The Persians tried to invade Greece at Marathon. They had a much bigger army, but the Greeks had better equipment, soldiers, and tactics. Athens attacked them as soon as they landed and won. Thermopylae (480 BC) • Athens then had to hurry back before the Persians arrived. They did. The first Persian invasion completely failed. Darius’s son, Xeres, tried to invade again at full strength. Many Greek city-states didn’t want to help Athens, and fought with Persia. Sparta decided to help because of a message from the Oracle. • They led a group of 4,300 Greeks to block 125,000 Persians at a bottleneck. They killed 25,000 Persians and inured many as well. When the Greeks knew they were going to lose because of a traitor, Sparta volunteered to stay to protect them. • Salamis Themistocles convinced the city of Athens to evacuate. He thought they would be able to beat the Persians at sea because of the oracle. A naval battle was fought at in a very narrow strait. The Persians had very large ships and couldn’t turn. The Athenians had very small, maneuverable ships with iron rams. • After the Greeks won at Salamis, all of Greece became united and fought the Persians till they had to abandon all lands close to Greece. Athens became very powerful, and controlled 200 citystates. They also moved the capital of Greece to Athens. • End of Athens (430 BC) Pericles led Athens in its Golden Age. Science and arts exploded. The Parthenon was build, Comedy and Tragedy were invented, and the first histories also began. • Athens took a lot of money from the rest of Greece. Sparta got really mad. Athens=Navy and Sparta=Army. There was a stalemate, but Athens was hit with plague. It killed a third of the people. Athens lost. • Philosophy was science. Socrates wanted people to question everything. He was sentenced to death. Plato believed that the smartest rich person should be in charge. Aristotle was became more involved in science and tutored Alexander. • Alexander the Great (330 BC) Phillip II was king of Macedonia, which Greeks looked down on. Phillip took all of Greece over. Phillip and his wife, Olympias, had a son, Alexander. • Olympias helped organize Philip’s assassination, so her son Alexander would have a chance to be king. Alexander wanted to be a hero, go on adventures, and conquer the Persian Empire. Other Greeks got in line because he killed lots of rebels. Alexander was 25 when he conquered the Persian Empire and more, creating the largest empire the world had ever seen. • Greek culture, science, and philosophy was spread all over the world. • China The people of China were going to war with each other for a long time with different groups gaining control. Confucius believed that China needed to find a way to create a stable government and an orderly society. He believed in a strict hierarchy and respecting people above you. He believed that hard work and education would advance people that deserved it if they followed his beliefs. • Confucianism is not a religion, but it has guided much of people’s moral and ethical beliefs of how to live. Yin and yang represent the harmony of the universe Shi Huang-Di (250 BC) • Shi Huang-Di is one the most interesting, important, and most remembered people in China. Although he was a conqueror, he was terrified of death. He spent a lot of time, and used a lot of people to find the Elixir of Life. A doctor convinced him that he found the key to immortality. Huang-Di died from mercury overdose. Before he died he built an army made of clay to protect him in the afterlife called the Terracotta Army. He also started the construction of the Great Wall. They waited two months to tell the people he died.