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Cecie Starr Christine Evers Lisa Starr www.cengage.com/biology/starr Chapter 28 Animal Tissues and Organ Systems (Sections 28.1 - 28.3) Albia Dugger • Miami Dade College 28.1 Stem Cells • Researchers are testing ways to use stem cells to make tissues that normally do not regenerate • stem cell • Cell that can divide to produce more stem cells or differentiate into specialized cell types • Embryonic stem cells can produce any cell type in the body • After birth, stem cells are less versatile; they produce fewer cell types Stem Cell Division and Differentiation Stem Cell Division and Differentiation cell type 1 stem cell or stem cell cell type 2 stem cell 1 2 or stem cell cell type 3 stem cell mitosis differentiation Fig. 28.1, p. 449 Stem Cell Division and Differentiation cell type 1 stem cell or stem cell cell type 2 stem cell 1 2 or stem cell cell type 3 stem cell mitosis differentiation Stepped Art Fig. 28.1, p. 449 ABC Video: Can Stem Cells Heal Hearts? ABC Video: Stem Cell Breakthrough BBC Video: Stem Cells and Magnets Working Together to Grow Livers BBC Video: Using Stem Cells to Cure Deafness BBC Video: Repairing Damaged Hearts with Patients’ Own Stem Cells 28.2 Organization of Animal Bodies • Most animals have four types of tissues organized as organs and organ systems • Extracellular fluid serves as the body’s internal environment • Animal structure is influenced by physical constraints and evolutionary history Levels of Organization • Animal development produces cells of many types • Cells of different types, with extracellular matrix, form tissues • Cell junctions connect the cells of a tissue, hold cells in place, and allow them to cooperate in specific tasks Tissue Types • There are four types of tissue in vertebrate bodies: 1. Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines internal cavities such as the gut 2. Connective tissue holds body parts together and provides structural support 3. Muscle tissue moves the body or its parts 4. Nervous tissue detects stimuli and relays information Levels of Organization (cont.) • Animal tissues are organized into organs: structures with two or more tissues that carryout specific tasks • Example: The heart, which contains all four tissue types • Two or more organs form organ systems that interact physically and chemically to carry out a common task • Example: The circulatory system • Multiple organ systems make up an organism Levels of Organization Levels of Organization A Cell (muscle cells) B Tissue (cardiac muscle) C Organ (heart) D Organ System (circulatory system) E Organism (human) Fig. 28.2, p. 450 Levels of Organization A Cell (muscle cells) Fig. 28.2a, p. 450 Levels of Organization B Tissue (cardiac muscle) Fig. 28.2b, p. 450 Levels of Organization C Organ (heart) Fig. 28.2c, p. 450 Levels of Organization D Organ System (circulatory system) Fig. 28.2d, p. 450 Levels of Organization E Organism (human) Fig. 28.2e, p. 450 The Internal Environment • An animal body consists mainly of water with dissolved salts, proteins, and other solutes • Most body fluid resides in cells; the rest is extracellular fluid • extracellular fluid (ECF) • Of a multicelled organism, body fluid outside of cells • Serves as the body’s internal environment • Provides cells with nutrients and removes wastes The Internal Environment (cont.) • In vertebrates, extracellular fluid consists mainly of interstitial fluid and plasma • interstitial fluid • Of a multicelled organism, body fluid in spaces between cells • plasma • Fluid portion of blood Homeostasis • Cells can only survive if solute concentrations and temperature of the internal environment remain within a narrow range • Maintaining conditions of the internal environment within this range is an important part of homeostasis Evolution of Animal Structure • An animal’s structure (anatomy) helps determine its functional traits (physiology) • An organism’s structural and physiological trait are determined genetically, and influenced by the environment • In each generation, traits that best help individuals survive and reproduce in their environment are preferentially passed on Anatomical Solutions to Physiological Challenges • Example: Diffusion of dissolved substances through extracellular fluid is limited • Vertebrates developed a circulatory system to transport substances Anatomical Solutions to Physiological Challenges • Example: Gases enter or leave an animal’s body by diffusing across a moist surface • Lungs provide a moist surface for gas exchange inside the bodies of land animals Key Concepts • Organization of Animal Bodies • In most animal bodies, cells are organized as tissues, organs, and organ systems • The structure of animal bodies has been shaped by natural selection, but because evolution modifies existing structures, body plans are often less than optimal ANIMATION: Cell Junctions To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode PC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play Mac Users: CLICK HERE ANIMATION: Organization of Animal Cells To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode PC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play Mac Users: CLICK HERE 28.3 Epithelial Tissue • Most body parts you can see (skin, hair, nails) are epithelial tissue, or structures derived from it • Epithelium also lines internal tubes and cavities, such as blood vessels and gut • epithelial tissue • Sheetlike animal tissue that covers outer body surfaces and lines internal tubes and cavities General Characteristics • Epithelium has one free surface that faces either the outside environment or some internal body fluid • The other surface secretes a noncellular basement membrane • basement membrane • Secreted layer that attaches an epithelium to an underlying tissue layer, most often connective tissue Epithelium and Basement Membrane Epithelium and Basement Membrane free surface of a simple epithelium basement membrane (material secreted by epithelial cells) underlying connective tissue Fig. 28.4, p. 452 ANIMATION: Structure of an epithelium To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode PC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play Mac Users: CLICK HERE Epithelial Tissues (cont.) • Only epithelial tissues have tight junctions, which prevent fluids from seeping between cells • Epithelial tissues subject to mechanical stress (e.g. skin) have adhering junctions, which connect plasma membranes of cells at distinct points but do not form a tight seal Three Types of Epithelium Three Types of Epithelium Simple squamous epithelium • Lines blood vessels, the heart, and air sacs of lungs • Allows substances to cross by diffusion Fig. 28.5a, p. 452 Three Types of Epithelium Three Types of Epithelium Simple cuboidal epithelium • Lines kidney tubules, ducts of some glands, reproductive tract • Functions in absorption and secretion, movement of materials Fig. 28.5b, p. 452 Three Types of Epithelium Three Types of Epithelium Simple columnar epithelium • Lines some airways, parts of the gut • Functions in absorption and secretion, protection mucus-secreting gland cell Fig. 28.5c, p. 452 Cilia and Microvilli • Some epithelial cells have projections (cilia or microvilli) at their free surface • Cilia in airways move mucus away from the lungs; cilia in oviducts propel eggs toward the uterus • Microvilli lining kidneys and small intestine increase absorption • microvilli • Thin projections from the plasma membrane • Increase the surface area of some epithelial cells Glands • Only epithelial tissue contains gland cells, which secrete a specific substance that functions outside the cell • Multicellular glands release substances onto the skin, or into a body cavity or fluid • exocrine gland • Gland that secretes milk, sweat, saliva, or some other substance through a duct • endocrine gland • Ductless gland that secretes hormones into a body fluid Glandular Epithelium • Milk-producing mammary glands of a lactating woman • Glands and milk ducts that deliver milk to the body surface are epithelial tissue milk-producing mammary gland A Glandular Epithelium milk duct Fig. 28.6a, p. 453 Example: Poison Glands • Glandular epithelium of a tropical frog (Dendrobates azureus) secretes a paralyzing poison • Pigment-rich skin of all poisonous frogs has vivid colors and patterns that evolved as a warning signal • It’s coloration says to predators, “Don’t even think about it” Poison Glands Poison Glands Pore at the skin surface where mucus is released B mucous gland poison gland pigmented cell Fig. 28.6b, p. 453 Epithelial Structures • Claws, nails, hooves, fur, hair, beaks, and feathers are all derived from specialized epithelial cells that produce large amounts of the protein keratin Carcinomas: Epithelial Cell Cancers • Because it divides frequently, epithelium is the animal tissue most likely to become cancerous • An epithelial cell cancer is called a carcinoma • About 95% of skin cancers are carcinomas • Breast cancers are usually carcinomas of epithelial cells that line milk ducts, or of breast glandular epithelium • Most lung cancers arise in the lung’s epithelial lining ANIMATION: Types of simple epithelium To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode PC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play Mac Users: CLICK HERE