Download Biology B1b file

Biology 1b Speaking and Listening Test
Competition and Adaptation
1. Name 3 things plants compete for to survive and reproduce: (3 marks)
 Light, Water and Minerals/Nutrients from soil
2. Name 4 things animals compete for to survive and reproduce: (4 marks)
 Water, food, territory and mate
3. When given a picture or information on an organism and you need to discuss adaptations
make sure you: (2 marks)
 Clearly identify the adaptation and……
 …….state fully how it helps the organism
4. Name some typical adaptations to a cold environment: (4 marks)
 Thick fur, thick layer of fat, SMALL surface area to volume ratio and white fur for
camouflage
5. Name some typical adaptations to a hot environment: (4 marks)
 Thin fur, little body fat, LARGE surface area to body ratio and behaviour to avoid the
heat.
6. State some ways in which plants can reduce water loss and replace any water lost: (5 marks)
 Shut their STOMATA, waxy layer, store water in leaves or stems, long roots and
reduced leaf area.
Total = /22
Changing Environment
7. What are organisms (particularly bacteria) which live in extreme habitats called?
 Extremophiles
8. Give examples of abiotic (non-living) factors which will affect the distribution of organisms:
(4 marks)
 Oxygen levels, carbon dioxide levels, pH, salinity of soil/water, temperature and
light levels
9. Give examples of biotic (living) factors which will affect the distribution of organisms: (3
marks)
 Predation, Disease, and Competition
10. What device measures rainfall?
 Rain Gauge
11. What device measures temperature?
 Thermometer
12. Name an INDICATOR species that is sensitive to pollution.
 Lichens
13. What might have caused bee numbers to decline?: (4 marks)
 Parasites, pesticides, climate change or viral disease.
Total = /14
Energy and Biomass
14. What do we call the dry mass of material in an organism?
 Biomass
15. What does the arrow in food chain show?
 The flow of energy
16. What goes at the bottom of a pyramid of biomass?
 The Producer (usually a plant)
17. Why are pyramids of biomass pyramid shaped?
 Energy and Biomass is lost at each stage
18. How is energy lost at each stage of the food chain? (5 marks)
 Through faeces and urine
 Respiration in plants and animals
 Movement in animals
 Keeping animals warm
 Not all plants and animals at each stage are eaten
 Not all parts of the plant or animal are eaten
Total =
/9
Decay and Carbon Cycle
19. What causes decay? (2 marks)
 Decomposers which are bacteria and fungi
20. What conditions do these decomposers multiply fastest and thus decay is quick? (3 marks)
 Lots of oxygen (aerobic conditions)
 Moist
 Warm
21. Decay is important as it allows nutrients to be …………………. . (Recycled)
22. What happens during the carbon cycle?: (7 marks)
 Plants take in carbon dioxide from the ATMOSPHERE by PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 Plants AND animals give out carbon dioxide by RESPIRATION
 Plants and Animals DIE and ……..
 ….their bodies’ are DECAYed by decomposers.
 These decomposers respire also releasing carbon dioxide
 Carbon found in organic matter in Plant and Animal bodies can be passed on by
FEEDING
 Some carbon dioxide is ABSORBED by the OCEANS
 Some dead plants and animals can be FOSSILISED; locking in carbon.
 When FOSSIL FUELS are COMBUSTED the carbon is released back into the
atmosphere.
Reproduction
23. How is genetic info passed on?
 Via genes
24. Where are genes found?
 On Chromosomes
25. Where are chromosomes found and what chemical are they made from? (2 marks)
 In the nucleus and made of DNA
26. How many chromosomes are in a HUMAN body cell?
 46
27. How are these arranged? (2marks)
 23 pairs – 1 of the pair from mother the other from father
28. What is the difference between sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction? (6 marks)
SEXUAL
ASEXUAL
Two parents
One parent
Sex cells (GAMETES) involved
No sex cells (GAMETES) involved
Off spring genetically different due to new
Off spring genetically identical
combination of genes.
29. What two things cause variation? (2 marks)
 Inherited factors from parents
 The environment the organism lives in
Total =
/14
Cloning
30. What are the 4 ways we can clone an organism? (4 marks)
 Cuttings (plants only)
 Tissue Culture (plants only)
 Embryonic cell cloning
 Adult cell cloning
31. Summarise the stages of taking cuttings and why it is a useful technique: (5 marks)
 A branch from the parent plant is cut off, its lower leaves removed and the stem
planted in damp compost.
 Plant HORMONES are often used to encourage new roots to develop.
 The cutting is usually covered in a clear plastic bag at this stage to keep it moist and
warm.
 After a few weeks, new roots develop and a new plant is produced.
 The method is easy enough for most gardeners to do successfully.
32. Summarise the stages of tissue culture and why it is a useful technique: (5 marks)
 Tiny pieces from the parent plant are taken.
 The pieces are placed in sterile agar jelly.
 The jelly contains plant hormones and nutrients.
 Tissue culture is more expensive and harder to do than taking cuttings…..
 …… but it produces very many identical plants from a single plant.
33. Summarise the stages of embryonic cell cloning: (5 marks)
 A developing embryo is removed from a pregnant animal at an early stage, before
the embryo’s cells have had time to become specialised.
 The cells are separated from one another.
 They are then grown for a while in a laboratory……
 …….and transplanted into host mothers.
 When the offspring are born, they are identical to each other and genetically related
to the original pregnant animal.
 They are not related to their host mothers because they contain different genetic
information.
34. Summarise the stages of adult cell cloning: (6 marks)
 The nucleus is removed from an unfertilised egg cell and discarded.
 The nucleus is removed from an adult body cell and injected into the egg cell.
 An electric shock is applied to make the egg cell begin to divide to form an embryo.
 While it is still a ball of cells, the embryo is inserted into the womb of an adult
female.
 The embryo continues to grow and develop in the surrogate mother’s womb.
 The new individual is genetically identical to the animal that donated the nucleus
from one of its body cells.
Total = /25
Genetic Engineering
35. What is genetic engineering?
 Artificially altering the genes of an organism e.g. adding genes from a different
species
36. Advantages of Genetically Modified Organisms include: (3marks)
 Making human insulin from bacteria.
 Crops that are poisonous to pests that eat them.
 Fruit that takes a long time to “go off”.
37. List the stages of genetic engineering: (4 marks)

The desired gene is identified e.g. human insulin gene.

The desired gene is cut out of the DNA using an enzyme.

The organism that is to receive the gene e.g. bacteria has it’s DNA cut using the
same enzyme.

The desired gene is inserted into the other organism’s DNA using a different
enzyme.

Total = /8
The new genetically modified organism can now be cloned.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Biotechnology
38. What are the advantages and disadvantages of cloning? (2 marks)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Useful organisms can be made the same
No variation means they are ALL susceptible
to harm
39. What are the advantages and disadvantages of genetic engineering? (6 marks)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Plants can resist been eaten by pests –
Genes might get out into wild population
increasing YIELD
disrupting food chains
Human genetic disorders could be corrected Farmers have to buy expensive seed each
year.
New medicines can be made this way
Toxins might be produced which could harm
humans.
Total = /8
Natural Selection and Evolution
40. What was Darwin’s idea to explain evolution (change of organisms over time)?
 Natural Selection
41. What was Lamarck’s idea to explain evolution?
 Acquired characteristics passed on to offspring
42. Who had the correct idea?
 Darwin not Lamarck
43. What are the steps in Natural Selection? (6 marks)

Individuals in a species show a wide range of variation.

This variation could be caused by a mutation.

This variation is because of differences in their genes.

Individuals with characteristics most suited to the environment are more likely to
survive and reproduce.

The genes that allow these individuals to be successful are passed to their offspring.

Given enough time, a species will gradually evolve.
44. Why were people reluctant to except Darwin’s idea? (2 marks)

Did not agree with bible that stated God created organisms as they are.

Not enough evidence.
45. What is the evidence that has built up for evolution? (2 marks)
Total = /13

Fossil record

Genetic studies linking organisms
Classification
46. When did life first appear on Earth?

About 3 billion years ago.
47. All life can be placed in 5 kingdoms e.g. the …………….. (plant) and ……………. (animal)
kingdoms. (2 marks)
48. What do we call the process of placing all organisms into related groups?

Classification
49. What is the smallest group in the classification system (contains only one type of organism)?

Species
50. Why is it useful to draw evolutionary trees? They show: (4 marks)
Total =
/9

How species are related – their evolutionary relationship.

That some species are extinct.

How long a species has been on Earth.

Which species share a COMMON ANCESTOR.