* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download File - The Science of Payne
Biogeography wikipedia , lookup
Dawkins vs. Gould wikipedia , lookup
Taxonomy (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Objections to evolution wikipedia , lookup
Jewish views on evolution wikipedia , lookup
Creation–evolution controversy wikipedia , lookup
History of molecular evolution wikipedia , lookup
Hologenome theory of evolution wikipedia , lookup
Hindu views on evolution wikipedia , lookup
Evidence of common descent wikipedia , lookup
Evolutionary history of life wikipedia , lookup
Creation and evolution in public education in the United States wikipedia , lookup
Genetics and the Origin of Species wikipedia , lookup
History of biology wikipedia , lookup
Acceptance of evolution by religious groups wikipedia , lookup
Creation and evolution in public education wikipedia , lookup
Punctuated equilibrium wikipedia , lookup
The eclipse of Darwinism wikipedia , lookup
Transitional fossil wikipedia , lookup
Introduction to evolution wikipedia , lookup
Theistic evolution wikipedia , lookup
Paleontology wikipedia , lookup
10.1 Early Ideas About Evolution KEY CONCEPT There were theories of biological and geologic change before Darwin. 10.1 Early Ideas About Evolution Early scientists proposed ideas about evolution. • Evolution is the biological change process by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors. • A species is a group of organisms that can reproduce and have fertile offspring. 10.1 Early Ideas About Evolution • There were many important naturalists in the 18th century. – Linnaeus: classification system from kingdom to species – Buffon: species shared ancestors rather than arising separately – E. Darwin: more-complex forms developed from lesscomplex forms – Lamarck: environmental change leads to use or disuse of a structure 10.1 Early Ideas About Evolution Theories of geologic change set the stage for Darwin’s theory. • There were three theories of geologic change. – catastrophism – gradualism – uniformitarianism 10.1 Early Ideas About Evolution • Uniformitarianism is the prevailing theory of geologic change. 10.1 Early Ideas About Evolution • What term describes the theory that natural disasters shaped Earth's landforms and caused species to become extinct? • Which scientist developed a classification system based on similarities? • Which theory of geologic change is accepted by today's scientists? 10.4 Evidence of Evolution KEY CONCEPT Evidence of common ancestry among species comes from many sources. 10.4 Evidence of Evolution Evidence for evolution in Darwin’s time came from several sources. • Fossils provide evidence of evolution. • Fossils in older layers are more primitive than those in the upper layers. Section 2 Evidence of 10.4 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 Evolution The Fossil Record, continued • Transitional Species – Fossils of transitional species show evidence of descent with modification. Section 2 Evidence of 10.4 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 Evidence of Whale Evolution Evolution 10.4 Evidence of Evolution • The study of geography provides evidence of evolution. – island species most closely resemble nearest mainland species – populations can show variation from one island to another 10.4 Evidence of Evolution • Embryology provides evidence of evolution. – identical larvae, different adult body forms – similar embryos, diverse organisms Larva Adult crab Adult barnacle 10.4 Evidence of Evolution 10.4 Evidence of Evolution • The study of anatomy provides evidence of evolution. – Homologous structures are similar in structure but different in function. – Homologous structures are evidence of a common ancestor. Human hand Mole foot Bat wing 10.4 Evidence of Evolution • The study of anatomy provides evidence of evolution. – Analogous structures have a similar function. Human hand foot – Analogous structures are Mole not evidence of a common ancestor. Fly wing Bat wing 10.4 Evidence of Evolution Structural patterns are clues to the history of a species. • Vestigial structures are remnants of organs or structures that had a function in an early ancestor. • Ostrich wings are examples of vestigial structures. 10.4 Evidence of Evolution • What term describes features that are similar in structure but different in function? • In which rock layer would you expect to find the most primitive fossils?—Top, middle, bottom • The embryos of many kinds of animals have gill slits. Gill slits develop into gills in fish and into ears of mammals. What do these common structures indicate? • Describe analogous structures? 10.5 Evolutionary Biology Today KEY CONCEPT New technology is furthering our understanding of evolution. 10.5 Evolutionary Biology Today Fossils provide a record of evolution. • Paleontology is the study of fossils or extinct organisms. 10.5 Evolutionary Biology Today • Paleontology provides evidence to support evolution. 10.5 Evolutionary Biology Today Molecular and genetic evidence support fossil and anatomical evidence. • Two closely-related organisms will have similar DNA sequences. 10.5 Evolutionary Biology Today • Pseudogenes are sequences providing evidence of evolution. – no longer function – carried along with functional DNA – can be clues to a common ancestor 10.5 Evolutionary Biology Today • Hox genes indicate a very distant common ancestor. – control the development of specific structures – found in many organisms • Protein comparisons, or molecular fingerprinting reveals similarities among cell types of different organisms. 10.5 Evolutionary Biology Today Evolution unites all fields of biology. • Scientist from any fields contribute to the understanding of evolution. • The basic principles of evolution are used in many scientific fields. 10.5 Evolutionary Biology Today • What is a transitional fossil? • What can be learned about evolution from DNA sequencing? • Why is the fossil record incomplete? • Suppose scientists found a fossil of a dinosaur that had feathers. What evolutionary information can be inferred from this fossil? 17.2 Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships KEY CONCEPT Modern classification is based on evolutionary relationships. 17.2 Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry. • Phylogeny is the evolutionary history for a group of species. – evidence from living species, fossil record, and molecular data – shown with branching tree diagrams 17.2 Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships • Cladistics is a common method to make evolutionary trees. – classification based on common ancestry – species placed in order that they descended from common ancestor 17.2 Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships • A cladogram is an evolutionary tree made using cladistics. – A clade is a group of species that shares a common ancestor. – Each species in a clade shares some traits with the ancestor. – Each species in a clade has traits that have changed. 17.2 Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships • Derived characters are traits shared in different degrees by clade members. 1 Tetrapoda clade – basis of arranging species in cladogram – more closely related species share more derived characters – represented on cladogram as hash marks 2 Amniota clade 3 Reptilia clade 4 Diapsida clade 5 Archosauria clade FEATHERS & TOOTHLESS BEAKS. SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE & IN THE JAW OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS DERIVED CHARACTER 17.2 Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships • Nodes represent the most recent common ancestor of a clade. CLADE 1 Tetrapoda clade 2 Amniota clade 3 Reptilia clade 4 Diapsida clade • Clades can be identified by snipping a branch under a node. 5 Archosauria clade FEATHERS AND TOOTHLESS BEAKS. SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE AND IN THE JAW OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID NODE FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS DERIVED CHARACTER 17.2 Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships Molecular evidence reveals species’ relatedness. • Molecular data may confirm classification based on physical similarities. • Molecular data may lead scientists to propose a new classification. • DNA is usually given the last word by scientists. 10.1 Early Ideas About Evolution • What does a cladogram show? • What is true about two organisms that share the same common ancestor? • What is true about the organisms that branch off after a hash mark on a cladogram? • What does a node represent on a cladogram?