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INTRODUCTION TO
REGIONAL ANATOMY
19.11. 2013
Kaan Yücel
M.D., Ph.D.
http://yeditepeanatomy1.org
Dr.Kaan Yücel
http://yeditepeanatomy1.org
Introduction to regional anatomy
Regional anatomy (topographical anatomy) considers the organization of the human body as major parts or
segments: a main body, consisting of the head, neck, and trunk (subdivided into thorax, abdomen, back, and
pelvis/perineum), and paired upper limbs and lower limbs. All the major parts may be further subdivided into areas
and regions.
Cavities in the body
Dorsal Body Cavities Cranial cavity & vertebral cavity
Ventral Body Cavities Thoracic cavity & abdominopelvic cavity
Diaphragm: divides body cavity into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
Regions in the body
Anatomists have divided the body into several regions. These regions help localize disease names, surgeries, and
have other medical implications.
The head (cranial region; made by the cranium) is the superior part of the body that is attached to the trunk by
the neck. The head is composed of a series of compartments, which are formed by bone and soft tissues. They are:
the cranial cavity;
two ears;
two orbits;
two nasal cavities; and
an oral cavity
The cranial cavity is the largest compartment and contains the brain and associated membranes (meninges).
The neck (cervical region; skeleton of the neck is made up by the 7 cervical vertebrae) is the transitional area
between the head and the trunk. The neck extends from the head above to the shoulders and thorax below.
• Upper limb – includes the hand, wrist, forearm, elbow, arm, and shoulder.
Shoulder: proximal segment of the limb that overlaps parts of the trunk (thorax and back) and lower lateral neck.
The axilla is the gateway to the upper limb, providing an area of transition between the neck and the arm.
Arm (L. brachium): first segment of the free upper limb (more mobile part of the upper limb independent of the
trunk) and the longest segment of the limb. It extends between and connects the shoulder and the elbow. It includes
one bone.
Forearm (L. antebrachium): second longest segment of the limb. It extends between and connects the elbow and the
wrist (L. carpus). There are two bones in the forearm.
Hand (L. manus): part of the upper limb distal to the forearm. It is composed of the wrist, palm, dorsum of hand,
and digits (fingers, including an opposable thumb).
• Thorax – the region of the chest from the thoracic inlet to the thoracic diaphragm.
• Abdomen- the part of the trunk between the thorax and the pelvis. It is a flexible, dynamic container, housing
most of the organs of the alimentary system and part of the urogenital system. Containment of the abdominal organs
and their contents is provided by musculoaponeurotic walls anterolaterally, the diaphragm superiorly, and the
muscles of the pelvis inferiorly.
• Back – consists of the posterior aspect of the body and provides the musculoskeletal axis of support for the trunk.
Bony elements consist mainly of the vertebrae. The back contains the spinal cord and proximal parts of the spinal
nerves, which send and receive information to and from most of the body.
• Pelvis and Perineum – the pelvis consists of everything from the pelvic inlet to the pelvic diaphragm. The
perineum is the region between the sex organs and the anus.
• Lower limb – everything below the inguinal ligament, including the hip, the thigh, the knee, the leg, the ankle,
and the foot.
The gluteal region (G. gloutos, buttocks) is the transitional region between the trunk and free lower limbs.
The femoral region (thigh) is the region of the free lower limb that lies between the gluteal, abdominal, and perineal
regions proximally and the knee region distally. It includes one bone.
The knee region is the transitional area between the thigh and the leg. The posterior region of the knee (L. poples) is
called the popliteal fossa.
The leg region is the part that lies between the knee and the narrow, distal part of the leg. The leg (L., crus) connects
the knee and foot. Often laypersons refer incorrectly to the entire lower limb as “the leg.” There are two bones in the
leg. The ankle region (L. tarsus) or talocrural region (L. regio talocruralis) is the region where the foot and the leg
met. The foot (L. pes) or foot region (L. regio pedis) is the distal part of the lower limb.
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Dr.Kaan Yücel
http://yeditepeanatomy1.org
Introduction to regional anatomy
Regional anatomy (topographical anatomy) considers the organization of the human body as major
parts or segments: a main body, consisting of the head, neck, and trunk (subdivided into thorax, abdomen,
back, and pelvis/perineum), and paired upper limbs and lower limbs. All the major parts may be further
subdivided into areas and regions.
Regional anatomy is the method of studying the body's structure by focusing attention on a specific
part (e.g., the head), area (the face), or region (the orbital or eye region); examining the arrangement and
relationships of the various systemic structures (muscles, nerves, arteries, etc.) within it; and then usually
continuing to study adjacent regions in an ordered sequence.
.1.
CAVITIES IN THE BODY
http://apbrwww5.apsu.edu/thompsonj/Anatomy%20&%20Physiology/2010/2010%20Exam%20Reviews/Exam%201%20Review/Fig%201.9%20%20T
he%20Body%20Cavities.htm
Dorsal body cavity
The closed, membrane-lined sterile anatomical space which houses the central nervous system. It is located
medially on the posterior of the head and trunk and housed within the confines of the skull and vertebrae; it
is arbitrarily subdivided into a cranial cavity containing the brain and a vertebral cavity containing the spinal
cord and the roots of the spinal nerves.
Cranial cavity houses the superior portion of the central nervous system, i.e., the brain.
Vertebral cavity houses the inferior portion of the central nervous system, i.e., the spinal cord.
Ventral body cavity
The closed, membrane-lined sterile anatomical space which houses various internal organs; its lining are
various serous membranes; it is located medially on the anterior of the trunk and housed within the confines
of the rib cage and trunk musculature; it is subdivided into:
(1) thoracic cavity containing the lungs, heart, and other important organs like trachea, esophagus
(2) abdominopelvic cavity with two partially separated subcompartments:
(a) abdominal cavity containing the stomach, liver, intestines, and spleen, and
(b) pelvic cavity containing some of the reproductive organs, the urinary bladder, and the distal colon; this
cavity provides a protected space for those organs.
Diaphragm: divides body cavity into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
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Dr.Kaan Yücel
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Introduction to regional anatomy
Figure 1. Cavities in the body
2. REGIONS IN THE BODY
Anatomists have divided the body into several regions. These regions help localize disease names, surgeries,
and have other medical implications.
The head (cranial region; made by the cranium) is the superior part of the body that is attached to
the trunk by the neck. The head consists of the brain and its protective coverings, the ears, and the face. The
cranium (skull) is the skeleton of the head. A series of bones form its two parts, the neurocranium and the
skeleton of the face.
The head is composed of a series of compartments, which are formed by bone and soft tissues. They are:
 the cranial cavity;
 two ears;
 two orbits;
 two nasal cavities; and
 an oral cavity
The cranial cavity is the largest compartment and contains the brain and associated membranes (meninges).
The neck (cervical region; skeleton of the neck is made up by the 7 cervical vertebrae) is the
transitional area between the head and the trunk. The neck extends from the head above to the shoulders
and thorax below. The neck joins the head to the trunk and limbs, serving as a major conduit for structures
passing between them.
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Dr.Kaan Yücel
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Introduction to regional anatomy
The upper limb includes the shoulder, arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand. The shoulder is the area of
upper limb attachment to the trunk. The arm is the part of the upper limb between the shoulder and the
elbow joint; the forearm is between the elbow joint and the wrist joint; and the hand is distal to the wrist
joint.
Shoulder: proximal segment of the limb that overlaps parts of the trunk (thorax and back) and lower lateral
neck.
The axilla (axillary region; armpit, koltuk6) is the gateway to the upper limb, providing an area of transition
between the neck and the arm. The axilla is an irregularly shaped pyramidal space.
Figure 2. Axillary region
http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/694/flashcards/597694/png/axilla31310940812015.png
Arm (L. brachium): first segment of the free upper limb (more mobile part of the upper limb independent of
the trunk) and the longest segment of the limb. It extends between and connects the shoulder and the
elbow and consists of anterior and posterior regions of the arm. The arm has one single bone.
Forearm (L. antebrachium): second longest segment of the limb. It extends between and connects the elbow
and the wrist (L. carpus) and includes anterior and posterior regions of the forearm. There are two bones in
the forearm.
Hand (L. manus): part of the upper limb distal to the forearm. It is composed of the wrist, palm, dorsum of
hand, and digits (fingers, including an opposable thumb) and is richly supplied with sensory endings for
touch, pain, and temperature.
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Dr.Kaan Yücel
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Introduction to regional anatomy
Thorax – is the part of the body between the neck and abdomen. Commonly the term chest is used as a
synonym for thorax, but the chest is much more extensive than the thoracic wall and cavity contained within
it.
The thorax, consisting of the thoracic cavity, its contents, and the wall that surrounds it. The shape and
size of the thoracic cavity and thoracic wall are different from that of the chest (upper torso) because the
latter includes some upper limb bones and muscles and, in adult females, the breasts. The thoracic skeleton
forms the osteocartilaginous thoracic cage , which protects the thoracic viscera and some abdominal organs.
The abdomen is the part of the trunk between the thorax and the pelvis (pelvic inlet). It is a flexible,
dynamic container, housing most of the organs of the alimentary system and part of the urogenital system.
Containment of the abdominal organs and their contents is provided by musculoaponeurotic walls
anterolaterally, the diaphragm superiorly, and the muscles of the pelvis inferiorly.
The back consists of the posterior aspect of the body and provides the musculoskeletal axis of
support for the trunk. Bony elements consist mainly of the vertebrae, although proximal elements of the
ribs, superior aspects of the pelvic bones, and posterior basal regions of the skull contribute to the back's
skeletal framework. The back contains the spinal cord and proximal parts of the spinal nerves, which send
and receive information to and from most of the body.
Pelvis and Perineum – the pelvis consists of everything from the pelvic inlet to the pelvic diaphragm. The
perineum is the region between the sex organs and the anus.
In common usage, the pelvis (L. basin) is the part of the trunk inferoposterior to the abdomen and is
the area of transition between the trunk and the lower limbs. The pelvic cavity is the inferiormost part of the
abdominopelvic cavity. The mature individual, the skeleton of the pelvis is formed by:
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Dr.Kaan Yücel
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Introduction to regional anatomy
Right and left hip bones (coxal bones; pelvic bones): large, irregularly shaped bones, each of which develops
from the fusion of three bones.
Sacrum: formed by the fusion of five, originally separate, sacral vertebrae.
Coccyx: The tail bone, just below the sacrum.
Lower limb –include the gluteal region [between the iliac crest and the fold of skin (gluteal fold)], the
thigh, the knee, the leg, the ankle, and the foot.
The gluteal region (G. gloutos, buttocks) is the transitional region between the trunk and free lower limbs.
The femoral region (thigh) is the region of the free lower limb that lies between the gluteal, abdominal, and
perineal regions proximally and the knee region distally. It includes one single bone.
The knee region is the transitional area between the thigh and the leg. The posterior region of the knee (L.
poples) is called the popliteal fossa.
The leg region is the part that lies between the knee and the narrow, distal part of the leg. The leg (L., crus)
connects the knee and foot. Often laypersons refer incorrectly to the entire lower limb as “the leg.” There
are two bones in the leg.
The ankle region (L. tarsus) or talocrural region (L. regio talocruralis) is the region where the foot and the leg
met.
The foot (L. pes) or foot region (L. regio pedis) is the distal part of the lower limb.
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