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Understandingtheuser Memory 1 Typesofmemory 2 3 SensoryMemory • buffersfors<mulireceivedthroughthesenses. – iconicmemoryforvisuals<muli, – echoicmemoryforaurals<muli – hap-cmemoryfortouch. • Informa<onispassedfromsensorymemoryintoshort-term memorybyaDen<on • filteringthes<mulitoonlythosewhichareofinterestatagiven <me) 4 Short-termmemory • Note-padfortemporaryrecalloftheinforma<onunderprocessing – tounderstandthissentenceyouneedtoholdinyourmindthebeginning ofthesentencewhileyoureadtherest. • Itdecaysrapidly(200ms.) • Hasalimitedcapacity:(7+-2items) • Chunkingofinforma<oncanleadtoanincreaseinshortterm memorycapacity • Ahyphenatedphonenumberiseasiertorememberthanasingle longnumber • InterferenceoRencausesdisturbanceinshort-termmemory reten<on.Thisaccountsforthedesiretocompletethetasksheldin shorttermmemoryassoonaspossible. 5 Long-termmemory • LTMisintendedforstorageofinforma<onoveralong<me • Informa<onfromtheworkingmemoryistransferredtoit aRerafewseconds • Unlikeinworkingmemory,thereisliDledecay • Differenttypesoflong-termmemory: • Declara<ve(facts)vs.Procedural(skills) – Episodicmemory:memoryofeventsandexperiencesinaserial form.Itisfromthismemorythatwecanreconstructtheactual eventsthattookplaceatagivenpointinourlives. – Seman<cmemory:astructuredrecordoffacts,conceptsand skillsthatwehaveacquired.Theinforma<oninseman<c memoryisderivedfromthatinourownepisodicmemory,such thatwecanlearnnewfactsorconceptsfromourexperiences. 6 7 LTMac<vi<es • Storage,dele<onandretrieval • Informa<onfromSTMisstoredinLTMbyrehearsal orrepeatedexposuretoas<mulus • Dele<onismainlycausedbydecayandinterference. – Emo<onalfactorsalsoaffectLTM • Informa<onretrieval:recallandrecogni<on – Recall:theinforma<onisreproducedfrommemory – Recogni<on:presenta<onoftheinforma<onprovidestheknowledgethatthe informa<onhasbeenseenbefore. • Recogni<onisoflessercomplexity,asthe informa<onisprovidedasacue • Recallcanbeassistedbyretrievalcueswhichenable toquicklyaccesstheinforma<oninmemory 8 Memory • Involvesencodingandrecallingknowledgeandac<ng appropriately • Wedon’tremembereverything-filteringandprocessing • Contextisimportant • WerecognizethingsmuchbeDerthanbeingabletorecallthings – TheriseoftheGUIovercommand-basedinterfaces • BeDeratrememberingimagesthanwords – Theuseoficonsratherthanlabels • People’sworkingmemorycapacityislimited(7+-2items)–DO NOTOVERGENERALIZE 9 Designproblems • Operateasystem(interfacedesign) • Userauthen<ca<on – On-linebanking – Graphicalauthen<ca<on – Biometrics • Personalinforma<onmanagement – Allmyfiles,folders,pictures,musicetc. – Wherearethem?? 10 Graphicalauthen<ca<on 11 Personalinforma<onmanagement • PIMisagrowingproblemformostusers – Whohavevastnumbersofdocuments,images,music files,videoclips,emails,aDachments,bookmarks,etc., – Majorproblemisdecidingwhereandhowtosavethem all,thenrememberingwhattheywerecalledandwhereto findthemagain – Namingmostcommonmeansofencodingthem – Tryingtorememberanameofafilecreatedsome<me backcanbeverydifficult,especiallywhenhave1000sand 1000s – Howmightsuchaprocessbefacilitatedtakinginto accountpeople’smemoryabili<es? 12 Personalinforma<onmanagement • Memoryinvolves2processes – recall-directedandrecogni<on-basedscanning • Filemanagementsystemsshouldbedesignedto op<mizebothkindsofmemoryprocesses – e.g.,Searchboxandhistorylist • Helpusersencodefilesinricherways – Providethemwithwaysofsavingfilesusingcolour,flagging, image,flexibletext,<mestamping,etc 13 Apple’sSpotlightsearch 14 Designimplica<ons • Don’toverloadusers’memorieswithcomplicated proceduresforcarryingouttasks • Designinterfacesthatpromoterecogni<onrather thanrecall • Provideuserswithavarietyofwaysofencoding digitalinforma<ontohelpthemrememberwhere theyhavestoredthem – e.g.,categories,color,flagging,<mestamping 15 Cogni<veframeworks • Conceptualframeworkthathelptoexplain andpredictuserbehaviour – Mentalmodel – Theoryofac<on – Informa<onprocessing – Distributedcogni<on 16 Mentalmodels • Usersdevelopanunderstandingofasystemthroughlearning andusingit • KnowledgeisoRendescribedasamentalmodel – Howtousethesystem(whattodonext) – Whattodowithunfamiliarsystemsorunexpectedsitua<ons(howthe systemworks) • Peoplemakeinferencesusingmentalmodelsofhowtocarry outtasks 17 Mentalmodels&systemdesign • Understandinghowpeopledevelopmental modelscan – helpdesigningsystemswhicharecompa<blewith theusermentalmodel – Makesystemstransparentsopeoplecan understandthembeDerandknowwhattodo – Helpthecommunica<onofmoreappropriate mentalmodelsofsystemfunc<onality 18 Mentalmodels • Craik(1943)describedmentalmodelsasinternal construc<onsofsomeaspectoftheexternal worldenablingpredic<onstobemade • Involvesunconsciousandconsciousprocesses, whereimagesandanalogiesareac<vated • Deepversusshallowmodels(e.g.howacarwork andhowtodriveit) 19 Everydayreasoning (a) Youarrivehomeonacoldwinter’snighttoacoldhouse.How doyougetthehousetowarmupasquicklyaspossible? Setthethermostattobeatitshighestortothedesired temperature? 20 Hea<nguparoom • Manypeoplehaveerroneousmentalmodels(Kempton,1996) • Why? – Generalvalvetheory,where‘moreismore’principleis generalisedtodifferentsepngs(e.g.gaspedal,gas cooker,tap,radiovolume) – Thermostatsbasedonmodelofon-offswitchmodel 21 Hea<nguparoom • SameisoRentrueforunderstandinghowinterac<ve devicesandcomputerswork: – Poor,oRenincomplete,easilyconfusable,basedon inappropriateanalogiesandsupers<<on(Norman,1983) – e.g.elevatorsandpedestriancrossings-lotofpeoplehit thebuDonatleasttwice – E.g.,pressingenterseveral<mewhenthesystemisnot responding – Why?Thinkitwillmakethelightschangefasterorensure theelevatorarrives! 22 Keypoints • Cogni<oninvolvesmanyprocessesincludingaDen<on,memory, percep<onandlearning • Thewayaninterfaceisdesignedcangreatlyaffecthowwell userscanperceive,aDend,learnandrememberhowtodotheir tasks • Theconceptualframeworkof‘mentalmodels’provideswaysof understandinghowandwhypeopleinteractwithproducts, whichcanleadtothinkingabouthowtodesignbeDerproducts 23 Reading • Preece:chapter3 24
