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Long Term Memory Episodic Memories -‐ “I remember” -‐ Tagged with spa;al and temporal context -‐ Learned in a single exposure Seman;c Memories -‐ “I know” -‐ Does not have to have spa;al and temporal context -‐ Learned in a single exposure, but strengthened with repe;;on Episodic and Seman;c Memories -‐ Can be communicated flexibly in a format other than they were acquired -‐ Consciously accessible Trace Levels Sensory Trace (< 1 s) Short Term Trace (develops within seconds or minutes and last for hours) Long Term Trace Long Las;ng Trace Stages of Memory Forma;on 1. Encoding 2. Consolida;on 3. Reten;on 4. Retrieval Do animals have episodic memories? Models for Episodic and Seman;c Memory Aristotle Associa'onism -‐ Linkages between events or ideas Three Principles -‐ Con;guity -‐ Frequency -‐ Similarity Neuroanatomy of Seman;c and Episodic Memories Basal Forebrain: signals that new informa;on needs to be encoded Hippocampus helps make links between informa;on and encode new informa;on Pictures Percep;on Recall Sounds Rela;onships btw Episodic Memory Items Encoding of Individual Items Emo;on and Memory Sleep and Memory Stages of Sleep Stage 1 Stage 2 Stages 3 and 4 REM Light Sleep Eye movements stop, change in brain ac;vity Deep Sleep Rapid Eye Movement The Amnesias Anterograde Amnesia Defini;on: Inability to form new memories Neural Issue: Typically, damage to the hippocampus Retrograde Amnesia Defini;on: Loss of old memories Neural Issue: Unclear… prefrontal damage, loss of neural connec;ons, ??? Source Amnesia Defini;on: Remembering the photograph, not the event Neural Issue: Par;al loss of memory – linkage by the hippocampus? Cryptomnesia: the Plagiarists Excuse Defini;on: Thinking your current thoughts and ideas are original Neural Issue: Par;al loss of memory – linkage by the hippocampus?