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CENTRAL YEARLY MEETING OF FRIENDS (CYMF) -2016 GEOGRAPHY 312/1 PAPER 1 MARKING SCHEME SECTION A 1. a)Give two reasons why the interior of the earth is hot The earth still retains the original heat which it had before it started cooling The interior of the earth is made up of radioactive materials that constantly explode generating heat Immense weight of crustal rocks puts pressure on rocks beneath hence generating heat (First 2x1=2mks) b) State three effects of revolution of the earth (3mks) Development of the four seasons Variation of the length of day and night at different times of the year Change s in the position of the midday sun at different times of the year at different latitudes It leads to development of solar and lunar eclipse 2. . (a)What is a mineral? (2mks) A mineral is an inorganic substance which occurs naturally at or beneath the earth’s surface. (b)State three characteristics of minerals Minerals have different degree of hardness They differ in texture they have specific colour They have specific luster They have specific tenacity 1 (3mks) 3. “(a) P-escarpment Q-Hade (b) Nyandarua Kedong Kikuyu Nguruman Mau Nandi Nyando 4. (a) Process of chemical weathering Solution Carbonation Hydrolysis Hydration Oxidation (b) Ways in which plants causes weathering Plants wedge their roots through rock cracks widening and breaking them Plants decay and produce organic acids which react with rock minerals hence leading to disintergration Lichens and mosses create moist environment on rock surfaces hence reacting with rock minerals 5. (a)Two reasons why wind action is dominant in desert (2mks) Presence of loose/unconsolidated dry masses of particles are easily carried by wind as it blows 2 Strong tropical winds are common in hot deserts the absence of vegetations covers to protect the surface from wind . (b)Three characteristics of barchans (3mks) A barchans has two horns It has a genthe windward slope It has a steep slope /concave slope on the leeward side It has a height of 25 -40 metres It lies at right angle to the prevailing wind Barchans occurs in groups 6. (a) (i) 217343 (ii) Full square 21 Half square 17 17 /2 =8.5 21+8.5 29.5km2/29.0/30 (iii) 12.4km/12.3/12.5 (2mks) (b)(i) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map (3mks) (5mks) The area has many rivers e.g river Sio Most of the rivers are permanent River Sio flows from north east towards the west There are many swamps towards the north Most rivers display dendritic pattern Rivers originating from Samia hill exhibit radial drainage pattern There is a reservoir at grid square 2134 (ii) Three settlement patterns in the area covered by the map Linear along road C 529 Nucleated /clustered around Funyula market Dispersed along STO river 3 (3mks) (d) CROSS SECTION ALONG NORTHING 37 FROM EASTING 28 TO 33 (ii) V.E= = V .S H .S 1 1 10,000 50,000 =10,000 X = 50,000 1 50,000 10,000 5 7. (a) (i)Other two processes of soil formation Leaching Organic accumulations Cheluviation 4 (2mks) Precipitation organic sorting Organic sorting (ii)Explain how Eluviations occur (3mks) As water percolates through the soil it mixes with fine minerals particles and washes them down mechanically and in suspension from the upper layer to lower layers When water peculates horizontally, the materials are transferred horizontally as well. (ii)Explain how illuviation occur (3mks) The materials that have eluviated from the upper soil are deposited and accumulate in the lower soil layers This may sometimes lead to formation of a hard pan of latorite where the materials accumulate. (b)(i)Factors that influence soil formation Parent materials Living organisms Climate Time Topography (ii)Effects of soil erosion on water sources (3mks) (6mks) When eroded ,soil is deposited in water reservoir, it leads to siltation hence reducing the capacity / volume of water in the reservoir. Eroded soil may contain pollutant agricultural chemical/industrial influence making water dirty/unsuitable for use. When eroded soils accumulate in water reservoir ,it makes them shallow and plants may colonize them turning into a swamp Accumulation of eroded soils into rivers valleys makes them shallow resulting to frequent floods When the soils accumulates in river valleys ,they may block the path of water causing a lake to form on the upstream. Siltation caused by deposition of soils into a river bed may make a river shallow hence unsuitable for navigation. 5 (iii)Four uses of soil (4mks) Soil are used to make pottery and other materials Soils are used for growing crops Soils are used for building houses Soils are used as animals lick when such soils contain the required mineral salts Some soils are used for ornamental purposes e.g Red Ochre (c )(i)Two characteristics of soil (2mks) Soil colour Soil texture Soil permeability (ii) ways of collecting information in the field (2mks) I would observe what people do to the soil I would collect soil sample I would photograph people engaged in various activity pertaining soil I woild ask people in the field questioning about soils and their types I would read from books and pamphlets on soils 8. (a) Name two examples of relief features found on the floor of the Rift valley(2mks) Depressions occupied by lakes Volcanic mountains Crates/calderas Valleys (ii) statges involved in the formation of fault mountains (8mks) Crustal rock layers are subjected to compression forces This leads to formation of two adjacent reverse faults in the rock strata 6 The middle block experience Upliftment This leads to formation of a raised land mass between the two reverse faults which is called a fault mountain Text -4mks) Diagrams -4mks) Total -8mks 7 (b) (i) A-Fault/faultline B-Fault step C-Crustal rock layer/strata (ii) Four characteristics of lakes formed by faulting (4mks) Most of them are deep Most of them are saline /salty Most of them are narrow/elongate Most of them have steep sides (c ) Explain four effects of faulting to human activities (8mks) Windward sides of fault mountains regere relief rainfall that supports crop farming. Fault mountains are sources of rivers that have waterfalls for H.E.P generation/fishing/industrial use Fault mountains areas are thickly forested on windward side hence supporting tourism/lumbering Faults steps /Rift valleys /escarpments attracts tourists for foreign exchange Faults form lodes /veins in which minerals occurs hence supporting mining Leeward sides of fault nuts receives low rainfall that limit profitable crop farming Steep slopes of fault mts/faults scarps make construction of houses difficult hence discourage human settlement. 9. (a) (i) What is natural vegetation (2mks) Is the plant cover that grows on the earth’s surface on its own without interference by people? (ii)How altitude and wind influence the distribution of vegetation (8mks) --Altitude 8 Low altitude with worm condition moisture have luxuriant vegetation Mid-latitude especially on the windward slopes support luxuriant vegetation Above 3000m above the sea level have coniferous forests and bamboo Above 3000m have health and moorland Winds Areas with moist winds which experienced high precipitation have plenty of trees while areas with drought conditions have drought resistant plants Winds helps in seed dispersal hence windy areas have a wide variety of vegetation (b)In which major climatic regions of the world are the following types of vegetation found (i) Selvas (1mk) Equatorial Equatorial monsoon Tropical marine Tropical monsoon (ii)The marquis or chaparral (1mk) Warm temperature western Margin (Mediterranean climate ) (iii)The pambas (1mk) Warm temperature continental climate (iv)Taiga (1mk) Cold temperatures continental climate (c ) State five characteristics of the coniferous forests of the cold temperature climate (5mks) Most trees are softwoods Trees mature fast Common trees include fir, pine and larch Most trees are evergreen Trees have big proportion of stem compared to leaves Trees occurs in pure stands Trees have little undergrowth Trees have needle-like leaves Trees form canical shape 9 Trees trunks are flexible (ii)Explain three ways in which the trees in these forests are adopted to the climate conditions (6mks) Trees have needle-like leaves to reduce water loss Trees have conical shape and flexible branches to allow snow to slide off easily Most trees are evergreen so as to have maximum utilization of sunlight during the short growing season 10. (a) (i)What is a rock ? (2mks) The solid substance made up of aggregate of minerals that forms the earth’s crust (ii)Examples of plutonic rocks (2mks) Gabbro Granite Diorite Peridotite Syenite (b)(i) State three characteristics of sedimentary rocks They occur in layers Some contains fossils Some are elastics (ii) Describe how mechanical formed sedimentary rocks are formed (3mks) (4mks) Already existing rocks undergo weathering forming sediments/particles The sediments are transported by running waters The sediments are deposited in layers in the lowlands The sediments undergo compaction and cementation and harden into a rock It is this rock formed from sediments from pre-existing rocks that we call mechanically formed rocks (c )Explain four ways in which rocks contributes to the economy of Kenya (8mks) Some rocks contain minerals that are mined to earn income Some rocks attracts tourists who bring in foreign exchange Some rocks are used as curving items sold to earn income Some rocks provide minerals food supplements hence reducing on costs of buying such supplements. Some rocks weather e.g basalt to form fertile soils for commercial crop farming some rocks surfaces are used for advertisement hence supporting trade 10 Some rocks are excavated and used for building commercial houses. (d)(i) Give two reasons why you might have conducted a reconnaissance for the study (2mks) To ask for permission /to notify respondents Estimate the time /duration for the study to enable us draw an appropriate time schedule /working schedule to identify appropriate route To enable them choose appropriate methods of data collection (ii)State four problems you might have encountered during the field study (4mks) Muddy roads that slowed movement few resources experts in metamorphic rocks Heavy rains that led to delays as we shelter Long distances covered while walking that caused fatique/tiredness Fear of wild animals attacks from bushes in the neighborhood. 11